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A level Geography - Ecosystems: change and challenge > Management of fragile environments > Flashcards

Management of fragile environments Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a fragile ecosystem and how are ecosystems vulnerable?

A

Lacks resilience to changing conditions.

Vulnerable to change - e.g. human activity.

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2
Q

What are some examples of a fragile environment?

A

E.g. TRF and polar.
Some regional in scale
Others small scale - isolated fragmented pockets.

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3
Q

What has happened to Brazil’s TRFs over the last century?

THE CENTRAL AMAZON CONSERVATION COMPLEX CASE STUDY.

A

Destroyed.

Some remain intact/undisturbed - protected by law e.g. the Central Amazon Conservation Complex.

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4
Q

Where is the Central Amazon Conservation Complex located, and what are the 3 separate reserves called?
How big is it?
CASE STUDY.

A

North/northwest of Manaus.
6 million hectares.

  1. Jau National Park.
  2. Mamiraua Sustainable Development Reserve Focal Zone.
  3. Amana Sustainable Development Reserve.
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the protected region regarding the Central Amazon Conservation Complex?
CASE STUDY.

A

Second largest area of protected TRF in the world.
Sparsely populated.
Small settlements live close to the river.
Limited transport - only by boat - 18 hour journey from Manaus.

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the natives living in the Central Amazon Conservation Complex?
CASE STUDY.

A

Idigenous Amerindians.
Traditional life - use small plots of land for crops.
Meat, fish and fruit collected from the forest.
Small number of Portuguese descent - rubber tappers.
Hunting/poaching banned for outsiders only.

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7
Q

What is the development like regarding the Central Amazon Conservation Complex?
CASE STUDY.

A

Little development pressure - isolated location.
Little tourism - only a few thousand per year.
The Carabinani Falls in the Jau National Park provide the main tourism focus.

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8
Q

What does the fauna include for the Central Amazon Conservation Complex?
CASE STUDY.

A

180 tree species every hectare.
200 mammal species - 100 bat species alone.
500 bird species e.g. parrots and macaws.
Reptiles and amphibians e.g. boa constrictors and iguanas.
300 fish species.
Countless insects e.g. ants and termites.

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9
Q

What are some endangered animal species in the Central Amazon Conservation Complex? 3
CASE STUDY.

A

Anteater.
Spider monkey.
Alligator.

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10
Q

What are the 3 management aims regarding the Central Amazon Conservation Complex?
+ MAIN AIM.
AMAZON CASE STUDY.

A
  1. Protect land/reduce human impact activity.
  2. Research/protect biodiversity.
  3. Manage specific activities e.g. tourism.

MAIN AIM - to manage the natural resources sustainably, protecting flora and fauna.

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11
Q

What does the zoning plan of the Central Amazon Conservation Complex include?
AMAZON CASE STUDY.

A
  1. Primitive zone - great natural value - minimum human activity - greatest protection.
  2. Extensive use zone - small amount of activity.
  3. Intensive zone - already been altered by human activity - till protected - some economic activity is allowed.
  4. Special use zone - land where core services required to monitor and protect TFR.
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12
Q

What is the majority of the Marimaua Sustainable Development Focal Zone under, regarding the different zoning plans?
AMAZON CASE STUDY.

A

‘Intensive use’.
Population 5,000.
23 settlements.

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13
Q

What did the management plan regarding the Marimaua Sustainable Development Focal Zone include? 4
AMAZON CASE STUDY.

A
  1. Hunting/logging ban for commercial gain.
  2. Environmental education/improved healthcare.
  3. Increased natural resource economic production.
  4. Zoning and protection.
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14
Q

Where is the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania located?
+ general characteristics.
SAVANNA GRASSLAND CASE STUDY.

A 
Form a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.
World Heritage sites.
North of Tanzania.
2.3 million hectares.
Open plains and volcanic uplands.
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15
Q

What animals are featured in the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania?

A 
1.3 million wildebeest.
400,000 Thomson's gazelle.
200,000 plains zebra.
All follow a seasonal migration pattern.
Pursued by natural predators e.g. lions and cheetahs.
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16
Q

What endangered animals are featured in the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania?
SAVANNA GRASSLAND CASE STUDY.

A 
African elephant - 2,000.
Rhinos and hippos.
Giraffe.
500 bird species.
34 raptors and 6 vultures.
17
Q

What natives live in the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania?
SAVANNA GRASSLAND CASE STUDY.

A

Masai Mara - normadic herdsmen.
Lived here for thousands of years.
Cultural code forbids the eating of wild animals.
Protected biodiversity.

18
Q

What was Tanzania like in the early 20th century?SAVANNA GRASSLAND CASE STUDY.

A

Under British rule.

Wild game hunted for fur/ivory.

19
Q

When was the first 3 game reserves established?

SAVANNA GRASSLAND CASE STUDY.

A

1921.
To protect lions - viewed by Europeans as vermin.
The Serengeti Park was created - 1951.
Masai Maura lost right to live/graze their cattle on the plain.
The Ngorongoro Conservation Area - 1959.
Aim - promote interests of Masai Maura/wildlife.

20
Q

How many Mausi Mauras live in the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania today?
SAVANNA GRASSLAND CASE STUDY.

A 
52,000.
Strict regulations.
Cultivate land/permanent settlement ban.
Traditional homes only - bomas.
Park residents - employed as rangers, park workers etc.
21
Q

How did the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania, suffer in the 1960s/1970s?
SAVANNA GRASSLAND CASE STUDY.

A

Independently managed by the Tanzanian government.
Economic recession - lack of finance.
Unpaid workers - ill-equipped.
Elephant/rhino populations fell.

22
Q

How did the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. improve in the 1980s?
SAVANNA GRASSLAND CASE STUDY.

A

Economic situation improved.
Tourism boomed - park income rise.
Able to rebuild infrastructure/re-establish anti-poaching units.

23
Q

How is tourism important for the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania?

What is still an ongoing problem in the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area,
Tanzania?
SAVANNA GRASSLAND CASE STUDY.

A

Important revenue source.
9,000 visitors per year.
But 200,000 animals illegally killed every year.
Fall in warthogs, giraffes, buffalos ect.

24
Q

What has recently happened regarding management for the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania?
SAVANNA GRASSLAND CASE STUDY.

A

Buffer zones - Community Wildlife Management Areas.
Local people - legal rights to wildlife.
Hoped to curb poaching.

25
Q

How are the normadic pastoralists of the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania, being threatened?
SAVANNA GRASSLAND CASE STUDY.

A 
Traditional way of life - threatened.
Scarce grazing land.
Pop. pressure - 2% annual growth.
BR - 36 per 1,000 women per year.
36% below the poverty line - increased resource. pressure.
26
Q

How has agriculture changed regarding the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania?
SAVANNA GRASSLAND CASE STUDY.

A

Irrigation systems - commercial agriculture.
TNCs offered incentives to village communities - biofuels.
Sedentary farming threatens traditional migration routes.
Natural grasslands threat - non-native Mexican poppy.
Prickly - rapidly overtakes overgrazed land.

27
Q

How much land has Tanzania committed to protecting?

SAVANNA GRASSLAND CASE STUDY.

A

42,000km-2 land.
1/3 of its territory.
UK - only 1/10 protected.

A level Geography - Ecosystems: change and challenge (13 decks)

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