Management of acute otitis media in children six months of age and older Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are children predisposed to AOM?

A
  1. More frequent viral infections
  2. Shorter eustachian tubes
  3. More horizontal eustachian tubes
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2
Q

What are risk factors for AOM?

A
  1. Young age
  2. Frequent contact with other children
  3. Orofacial abnormalitis i.e. cleft palate
  4. Household crowding
  5. Exposure to cigarette smoke
  6. Pacifier use
  7. Shorter duration of breastfeeding
  8. Prolonged bottle-feeding while lying down
  9. Family history of otitis media
  10. Children of First Nations or Inuit ethnicity
  11. Lower levels of secretory IgA
  12. Persistent biofilm in middle ear
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3
Q

What are the most common bacteria causing AOM?

A
  1. S. pneumoniae
  2. H. influenzae
  3. M. catarrhalis
  4. GAS (less commonly)
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4
Q

What symptoms are associated with AOM?

A

Non-specific

  1. Poor sleep
  2. Decreased activity
  3. Irritability
  4. Fever
  5. Otalgia
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5
Q

What are methods to diagnose of middle ear effusion?

A
  1. Decreased TM mobility when both positive and negative pressure applied using a pneumatic otoscope
  2. Automated tympanometry is unrealiable in infants <7mo and sensitivty and specificity depends on proper use and information
  3. Otoscopy showing
    a) loss of bony landmarks
    b) presence of air-fluid level
    c) Bulging TM
    d) Red or yellow TM
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6
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for AOM?

A
  1. Acute onset of symptoms (otalgia, or non-specific in non-verbal children)
  2. Signs of middle ear effusion
  3. WITH signs of inflammation of the middle ear (moderate or marked bulging of TM with marked erythema, hemorrhage, or yellow TM)
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7
Q

Which bacteria is associated with spontaneous TM perforation?

A

S. pyogenes

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8
Q

What is the DDx of ear drainage?

A
  1. Perforation from AOM
  2. Otitis externa
  3. Chronic ear drainage from previous perforation
  4. Drainage from T-tube
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9
Q

What are common complications of bacterial AOM?

A
  1. Acute mastoiditis (pain and swelling over the mastoid)
  2. Acute facial (CN VII) nerve palsy from temporal bone inflammation
  3. Gradenigo’s syndrome: 6th CN palsy (failure of ipsilatral eye abduction) due to petrous bone inflammation or infection
  4. Labryinthitis due to spread to cochlear space
  5. Venous sinus thrombosis of transverse, lateral or sigmoid venous sinuses
  6. Meningitis
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10
Q

What is the management of patients with spread beyond the middle ear?

A
  1. Systematic antimicrobial therapy
  2. Consider surgical intervention
  3. Consider imaging to deliniate the extent of the infection
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11
Q

What are the treatment recommendations for patients presenting with a perforated TM with symptoms of AOM?

A
  1. Systemic antimicrobials x 10d

2. Examination for associated complications

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12
Q

What does mildly ill mean in the context of AOM?

A
  1. Alert
  2. Responsive
  3. No rigors
  4. Responding to anti-pyretics
  5. Mild otalgia
  6. Able to sleep
  7. <39 degrees C in absence of antipyretics
  8. <48h of illness
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13
Q

What does moderately or severely ill mean in the context of AOM?

A
  1. Irritable
  2. Difficulty sleeping
  3. Poor response to antipyretics
  4. Severe otalgia
  5. > 39 degrees C in absence of antipyretics
  6. > 48h of symptoms
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14
Q

What are the treatment recommendations for patients with MEE present AND bulging TM who are mildly ill?

A
  1. Discuss with caregivers
  2. Observe for 24-48h and ensure f/u
  3. Recommend analgesia
  4. If not improved or worsening clinically, treat with antimicrobials (6m-2yo x 10d, >2y x5d)
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15
Q

What are the treatment recommendations for patients with MEE present AND bulging TM who are moderately or severely ill?

A

Treat with antimicrobials:

  1. 6m-2yo x 10d
  2. > 2yo x 5d
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16
Q

What are the treatment recommendations for patients without MEE OR with MEE but non-bulging or mildly erythematous TM?

A
  1. Consider viral etiology (i.e. RSV, influenza) or other infection
  2. r/a in 24-48h if not clinically improving or earlier if worsening clinically to verify presence of effusion and signs of middle ear inflammation such as bulging TM
17
Q

What are the recommendations if unable to determine if TM bulging?

A
If child:
1. only mildly ill
2. does not appear to have severe otalgia
3. feeding reasonably well
4. T <39 degrees C for <24h
5. Reliable caregivers
Observe w/ f/u in 24-48h
18
Q

Which bacteria cause AOM more likely to resolve spontaneously?

A
  1. M catarrhalis

2. H influenza

19
Q

What is the first line treatment for AOM (no penicillin allergy)?

A

Amoxicillin 75-90mg/kg/day PO BID OR 45-60mg/kg/day PO TID

20
Q

What is the first line treatment if penicillin allergic?

A
  1. Cefuroxime 30mg/kg/day PO BID or TID

2. Ceftriaxone 50mg/kg IM/IV daily x 3d

21
Q

What is the therapy if initial therapy fails (no symptomatic improvement after 2-3 days)?

A

<35kg: Amoxicillin-clavulanate 45-60mg/kg/day PO TID x 10d (400mg/5mL suspension of 7:1 formulation)
>35kg: 500mg PO TID x 10d

22
Q

What is the therapy if patient unable to tolerate oral antimicrobials or if amoxi-clav fails?

A

Ceftriaxone 50mg/kg/day IM/IV daily x 3d

23
Q

What are the CPS recommendations?

A
  1. To diagnose AOM, there must be acute onset of symptoms such as otalgia (or nonspecific symptoms in nonverbal children), signs of a middle ear effusion associated with inflammation of the middle ear (ie, a TM that is bulging and, usually, very erythematous or hemorrhagic, and yellow or cloudy in colour) or a TM that has ruptured.
  2. For otherwise healthy children ≥6 months of age who have mild illness with appropriately diagnosed AOM criteria or children who do not fully meet diagnostic criteria, a watchful waiting approach for 48 h is an option if follow-up can be assured. Advice regarding analgesics must be provided. It is recommended to:
    a) reassess the child within 24 h to 48 h to document the clinical course; OR
    b) have the caregiver return if the child does not improve or worsens anytime within 48 h; OR
    c) provide an antimicrobial prescription to be filled if the child does not improve.
  3. Children with a bulging TM who are febrile (≥39°C) and moderately to severely systemically ill, or who have severe otalgia, or who have already been significantly ill for 48 h should be treated with antimicrobials.
  4. If a decision is made to treat with antimicrobials, amoxicillin either divided twice per day at a dose of 75 mg/kg/day to 90 mg/kg/day or amoxicillin divided three times per day at a dose of 45 mg/kg/day to 60 mg/kg/day are the first choices for AOM therapy.
  5. A five-day course of an appropriately dosed antimicrobial is recommended for most children ≥2 years of age with uncomplicated AOM, with a 10-day course being reserved for younger children (six to 23 months) and cases with a perforated TM or recurrent AOM.