MANAGEMENT Flashcards
Accountability
Is not about evaluating the outcomes of an action or programme, but tries
to discover how your actions led to the result. What are you responsible
of?
Acculturation
A process of cultural transformation initiated by contacts between
different cultures. At a global level, acculturation takes place as societies
experience the transforming impact of international cultural contact. The
global trend towards modern economic organisation and developed
market economies has been accompanied by a process of cultural
transformation. Individuals experience acculturation when their social roles
and socialisation are shaped by norms and values that are largely foreign to
their native culture
Attitude
A way of feeling or thinking about someone or something esp. as this
influences someone’s behaviour. Learned predisposition to respond
favourably or unfavourably toward an object
Behaviour
The way of acting, functioning in a particular way.
Benchmarking
Benchmarking is the process of comparing one’s business processes and
performance metrics to industry bests or best practices from other
companies.
Boilerplate
A boilerplate is a unit of writing that can be reused over and over without
change. It can be compared to a certain kind of template, which can be
thought of as a fill-in-the-blanks boilerplate. Some typical boilerplates
include: mission statements, safety warnings, commonly used installation
procedures, copyright statements, and responsibility disclaimers.
Bottom-up initiative
The bottom-up approach implies proactive team input in the project
executing process. Team members are invited to participate in every step
of the management process.
Cocreation
A business strategy focusing on customer experience and interactive
relationships. Cocreation allows and encourages a more active involvement
from the customer to create a value rich experience.
Communication
flow
The direction (upward, downward, horizontal) messages travel through the
networks in an organisation.
Community
Relations /
Community Affairs
the communication strategy that tries to create understanding and support
towards the company among the immediate surroundings
Corporate
community
involvement plans
programmes that are developed to show the corporate social responsibility
of a company towards society. Based on the knowledge that companies
can’t survive without a broad platform of support from their environment.
Corporate
Governance
A system that controls the internal activities of the board of a company and
their connection with other parties involved.
Corporate Identity
Is how a company/organisation presents itself: the implicit and explicit
offering of cues in relation to the company, e.g.: conduct, communication,
symbols (logo and house style = not the same as corporate identity).These
visual and non-visual means are based on the company’s philosophy,
vision, mission statement and objectives
Cross-cultural
communication
Communication of different combinations of people. A cross-cultural
communication study might compare and contrast Japanese and American
negotiation tactics, for example
Crowdshifting
Sharing short movies/commercials on the internet
Crowdsourcing
The public helps companies in the development of strategies, products,
services,… by sending them suggestions via the internet
Data Warehousing /
Data Mining
Extracting data from legacy systems and other resources; cleaning,
scrubbing and preparing data for decision support; maintaining data in
appropriate data stores; accessing and analysing data using a variety of end
user tools; and mining data for significant relationships. The primary
purpose of these efforts is to provide easy access to specifically prepared
data that can be used with decision support applications such as
management reports, queries, decision support systems, executive
information systems and data mining.
DEPEST, PESTED
Analysis of de demographic, economic, political, environmental, social and
demographic aspects that influence your business.
Downsizing
The process of adjusting downward the number of employees required to
perform jobs in newly designed organisations.
eBusiness
All electronically mediated information exchanges, both within an
organisation and with external stakeholders supporting the range of
business processes.
eCommerce
All financial and informational electronically mediated exchanges between
an organisation and its external stakeholders.
eGovernment
The use of internet technologies to provide government services to
citizens.
employee
engagement
Employee engagement is the emotional commitment the employee has to
the organisation and its goals.
Experience
Economy
Trying to reach the target groups and publics in a more emotional way by
triggering their (5) senses. Based on interactivity, connection,
entertainment, competition (gamification), …
Extranet
An extranet is formed by extending the intranet beyond a company to
customers, suppliers, collaborators or even competitors. This is password
protected to prevent access by general internet users.
Framing
A way of organizing our everyday experience.
Global Brand
A product, service, or company that competes globally
Globalisation
The increase of international trading and sharing of information, social and
cultural values.
Grassroot lobbying
Indirect way of lobbying via manifestations, petitions, media-attention,
demonstrations.
Horizontal and
vertical
organisations
There are a number of considerations, including advantages and
disadvantages, to make when choosing between a vertical and horizontal
business organisation. Since the industrial revolution, businesses have
taken the form of vertical organisational structure. Vertical business
organisations have many levels of management and supervision with a long
chain of command running from the top of the organisation down to the
bottom of the organisation. Typically, vertical business structures seldom
exceed eight levels of management, because the increasing number of
management layers diminishes the span of control and the disadvantages
begin to outweigh the advantages of a vertical structure. Vertical business
organisations have been the norm up until modern times, which has
progressively given way to the horizontal business organisation. Horizontal
business organisations are usually smaller organisations, which has partially
to do with fewer layers of management. In contrast to vertical business
organisation, horizontal business organisations have comparatively few
levels of management.
Image
Is how an object is known and through which people describe, remember
and relate to it. It is the result of the interaction of a person’s beliefs, ideas,
feelings and impressions about an object.
Corporate Image: the perception people have of a company
Brand Image: the perception people have of a brand
Product image: the perception people have of a product
Country of origin image: the perception people have of a country
Perceived image: the image employees of the company think external
publics have of their company
Inbound email
Email arriving with an organisation / individual
Interest group
A group of individuals and organisations linked together for the purpose of
active promotion of particular values and objectives. Interest groups are
usually associated with the political process through which they seek
support and resources for their objectives.
Intranet
A network within a single company that enables access to company
information using the familiar tools of the internet such as web browsers
and email. Only staff within a company can access the intranet, which will
be password protected
Issue management
The activity of thinking about problems that might affect companies,
government, or consumers and then planning ways to solve them
KPI’s
Key Performance Indicators (Key competences of a company)
License to operate
The right to function that a company receives from its publics. They
understand and agree with the company’s policy
Lobbying
Is the special effort to influence public decision making either by pressing
for change in policy or seeking to prevent such change. This is done via
private meetings with MPs, ministers, civil servants, councillors, etc.
Logo
Abbreviation of logotype now applied broadly (most often incorrectly, in
technical terms) to all trademarks.
Logotype
The representation of a brand by a distinctive typeface or lettering style.
Synonymous with: wordmark
Longtail effect
Select marketing of products and services that are less attractive
Manifesto
A written statement declaring publicly the intentions, motives, or views of
its issuer.
Mission statement
A concise statement of the ideal purpose or aspirations of an organisation.
These are long-term objectives and not necessarily (easily) achievable.
Public
A public is a deliberate selection of people that are important for the
company/organisation, based on the dependency factor. How important
are the publics to attain the company objectives? Sometimes authors refer
to publics with the word ‘stakeholders’ = people having a stake in the
company. Most PR authors (especially from the UK, since the word public
and stakeholder have another connotation to native speakers) prefer
publics, being people with common interests
Public Affairs
The strategic function that deals with and manages the opportunities and
threats caused by the political-societal changes.
Publicity
Publication of news about an organisation or person for which time or
space was not purchased. (as opposed to advertising)
Public Relations
Is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial
relationships between organisations and their publics. It’s a process of viewing an organisation from the ‘outside’. Its primary concerns are an organisation’s inclusiveness and its preservation of the ‘license to operate’
Public sector
The part of the economy concerned with providing basic government
services. The composition of the public sector varies by country, but in
most countries the public sector includes such services as the police,
military, public roads, public transit, primary education and healthcare for
the poor. The public sector might provide services that non-payer cannot
be excluded from (such as street lighting), services that benefit all of
society rather than just the individual who uses the service (such as public
education), and services that encourage equal opportunity.
Scrum
Repeated evaluation of and discussions about the (communication)
strategy.
Social cohesion
Is defined as the willingness of members of a society to cooperate with
each other in order to survive and prosper. Willingness to cooperate means
they freely choose to form partnerships and have a reasonable chance of
realizing goals, because others are willing to cooperate and share the fruits
of their endeavours equally
Stakeholder
Any person or firm with a vested interest in a company or brand, including
shareholders, employees, partners, suppliers, customers, and community
members.
Strategic Analysis
Collection and review of information about an organisations internal
processes and resources and external marketplace factors in order to
inform strategy definition.
Strategy
A plan that is targeted to achieve a specific outcome and uses a set of
tactics to achieve a business goal.
Style Guide
A definition of site structure, page design, typography and copy defined
with an organisation
SWOT
A framework for situational analysis, Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities
and Threat
Tipping Point
That specific moment an issue becomes a topic on the public and political
agenda
Top-down
All the directions come from the top. Project objectives are established by
the top management. Top managers provide guidelines, information, plans
and fund processes
Trademark
A legally protectable form of intellectual property, in the form of a name
and/or symbol that indicates a source of goods or services, to help prevent
confusion and/or infringement in the marketplace
Triple Bottom Line
Expression to describe the economic, environmental and societal aspects
of businesses. Planet = human capital and the way a company treats its
employees and the locals and takes care of the immediate surroundings of
the company, Planet = environment and ecological footprint of a company,
Profit : the (honest) profit of a company in balance with people and planet.
Vision
The aspirations of a company that drive future growth, most often
delivered in the form of a story a leader tells about where the organisation
is going.
Vision Statement
The goals, dreams and future aspirations of an organisation. Vision
statements describe what the organisation wants to become or accomplish
tomorrow, while mission statements define what the organisation is
getting done today.
Visual Identity
What a brand looks like – including, among other things, its logo,
typography, packaging and literature systems.
