Mammography In Practic Flashcards
What is the biggest sign/ risk factor of breast cancer in men
High levels oestrogen
klinefelters syndrome is a genetic condition affecting hormone levels that may cause breast cancer in men, what is this
Men are born with an extra X chromosome
How can male to female gender reassignment cause breast cancer in men
Synthetic hormones affecting hormone levels which can lead to cancer
What 2 pathologies can be a risk factor to breast cancer in males
Liver damage
Inflammation or damage to testes
Age is the most significant risk factor for breast cancer in men, what age range is this
60-70
Know that studies showed male infertility was associated with increased risk of breast cancer in men
What are physical symptoms of male breast cancer
- unilateral enlargement (may also have tenderness)
- hard or irregular breast tissue
- rapidly occurring enlargement
- recent onset
- fixed mass
- abnormality of nipple
- abnormality of surrounding skin
What are physical symptoms of female breast cancer
- lump or area of thickened tissue in breast not previously there
- change in size or shape of one or both breasts
- discharge of fluid spontaneously from nipple
- lump or swelling in either of armpits
- dimpling of breast
- rash on or around nipple
- change in nipple appearance
What are the 4 tier system of radiographers when screening breast cancer
- assistant practitioner
- mammographer
- advanced practitioner
- consultant radiographer
What is the FDS / its purpose
faster diagnosis standard
- target that you should not wait more than 28 days from referral to finding out whether you have cancer or not
What are the 2 vetted/referal pathways for cancer
RED pathway- urgent, clinical examination, appropriate imaging +/- biopsy same day
BLUE pathways- non urgent, clinical examination, appropriate imaging depending on age
What type form of mammogram should women over 40 receive
Bilateral mammogram
Patients under 40 have ultrasound first unless clinically suspicious symptoms
Why would you do a CT scan for breast cancer
Check for secondary/metastatic changes
Why would nuclear medicine bone scan be done for suspected breast cancer
Check for metastatic bone cancer
Why would a dexa bone scan be done
To check and monitor bone density following hormonal treatments
Why would a PET scan be done
Indeterminate lesions active or not/ axillary scarring or reoccurrence
What might be the different aims of using digital mammography, ultrasound, MRI
Digital mammography: basic screening, assessment views, eclund technique for augmented breast, stereotactic guided biopsy, contrast enhanced mammography, tomosynthesis
Ultrasound: characterise lesion in 2D vascularity, accurate assessment of size, guiding biopsy, inserting tumour bed markers
MRI: lobular carcinoma or extent/ focality of disease
What are the 2 modern mammography units
Siemans
Hologic
What are the 7 key parts of a mammography unit
- reachable controls for movement and compression
- protective face guard
- patient handle to aid positioning
- compression paddle
- detector/bucky
- fully rotating tube head and detector
- foot paddles
What are the 2 main positioning of the patient during mammography
Medio-lateral oblique
Cranio-caudal
What should you see on a media-lateral oblique view of breast
- ISPACEMAN
- adequate compression
- no skin folds
- nipple in profile
- pectoral muscle to nipple level or posterior nipple line (PNL)
- pectoral muscle at appropriate angle
- inframammary angle shown clearly
- symmetry
- whole breast imaged