mammography

Question 1

Discovered in the remains of a female skull reveal the oldest specimen of cancer

Answer 1

Bronze Age (between 1900 and 1600 BC)

Question 2

Physicians have been documenting breast cancer in Papyrus

Answer 2

17th Century

Question 3

is believed to be written by God Imhotep
o Details of eight (8) cases of breast tumors – “bulging tumors” of the breast
o No treatment for breast cancer

Answer 3

1862- Edwin Smith Papyrus

Question 4

treatment of breast cancer is non-existent

Answer 4

Ancient Egypt

Question 5

Barbaric type of surgery with cauterization using boiling oil
▪ A tool called a fire drill without anesthesia or antisepsis

Answer 5

Ancient Egypt

Question 6

Persian physician living in Greece
➢ Credited with the first recorded “cure” of breast cancer
➢ Cured Queen of Atos – wife of King Darius – believed to have had breast cancer

Answer 6

484 and 425 BC – Democedes,

Question 7

described forms of cancer found throughout many parts of the
body

Answer 7

Carcinoma – Hippocrates

Question 8

comes from the Greek term Karkinos – referring to a crab

Answer 8

carcinos

Question 9

Hippocrates believed balanced in the four fluids of the body:

Answer 9

✓ Blood
✓ Phlegm
✓ Yellow bile
✓ Black bile

Question 10

knew that cancer usually recurs

Answer 10

Aulus Cornelius Celsus

Question 11

knew nothing about the spread of disease but boiled their surgical instruments before
operation.
▪ Modeled their medical practice on the Greeks
▪ Greeks took what they know from Egyptians

Answer 11

Romans

Question 12

is credited with being the first physician
✓ to surgically remove a breast using a knife
✓ cautery to stem the flow of blood during and after surgery

Answer 12

180 AD – Aegean Sea Greece – Leonides

Question 13

Greek physician, pharmacist, and philosopher from the isle of Pergamus – thought much
as Hippocrates had.

Answer 13

Caudius Galen

Question 14

✓ Surgery should be attempted only if the tumor was small and found in an early stage.
✓ Never been able to cure breast nor did he know anyone who had
✓ He believed that before surgery:
▪ Patient had to be purged of bile
▪ Veins to bleed

Answer 14

Abulcassis

Question 15

Surgeons were not highly regarded not were they very educated or even considered intelligent

Answer 15

Europeans Dark Ages

Question 16

discovered another alternative to cauterization when excising breast tumors:
Mixing egg white, turpentine and rose oil for more effective and less painful way to seal a wound.
➢ Knew that the axillary lymph nodes were usually part of the malignant process.

Answer 16

Ambrose Pare

Question 17

Recommended sutures to control bleeding after mastectomy
▪ Humani Corporis Fabrica -depicted human body in greater detail

Answer 17

Flemish anatomist - Andreas Vesalius

Question 18

an Italian scientist and philosopher attended medical school, reduced problems to
simple terms then analyzed and solved them mathematically.

Answer 18

Galileo

Question 19

Breast cancer and surgery were studied in France, England, and Germany and
Caribbean.

Answer 19

1800s

Question 20

a barbaric instrument was discovered that was to believe to reduce pain and speed
up time of surgery

Answer 20

Germany

Question 21

Use forks and metal rings to hold the breast in place for amputation with a knife or a hinge scythe

Answer 21

Dutch and French

Question 22

believed that surgery was a cure for cancer
Radical treatments for breast cancer – documentation shows women experience normal
recovery.

Answer 22

Adrian Helvetius

Question 23

underwent mastectomy and lived
another 30 years.

Answer 23

1700 - Sister Barbara –

Question 24

first physician to recognize
that cancer started as a local disease, could spread to the lymph nodes and into circulation, connecting
the spread of cancer with poor prognosis.

Answer 24

Henry Francois LeDran -practice in France – Hospital St. Come-

Question 25

surgeon of the Middlesex Hospital in London
➢ Believed in follow up after breast cancer surgery to effectively study
survival rates.
➢ Realized there were many recurrences of breast cancer following surgery
and reported several causes.

Answer 25

Charles Moore (1821-1879)

Question 26

thought women lived longer if they underwent no surgery at all
since majority of deaths were due to post-surgical infections

Answer 26

Sir Thomas Smith of England

Question 27

professor of John Hopkins hospital in Baltimore
▪ Began using anesthesia -available in 1846
▪ Used Antiseptic – available in 1867 – radical mastectomy
▪ Used a “tear drop incision” – needs grafting
▪ Credited with perfecting the way radical mastectomy was to be performed
o Wide incision of the nipple and surrounding skin, the pectoralis muscle, and the axillary
nodes with all the tissue being received as one piece, cutting a wide path around the tum

Answer 27

William Halsted

Question 28

English surgeon – studied the concept of metastasis

Answer 28

Stephen Paget –

Question 29

believed cancer originated at one point in the body and
spread equally in all directions through the lymphatic system.

Answer 29

William Sampson Handley of London

Question 30

continued the work of his father William S. Handley
➢ Biopsied internal mammary lymph nodes during mastectomy

Answer 30

Richard S. Handley

Question 31

Discovered that the ovaries which produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone,
regulate the breasts which contain estrogen receptor cells.

Answer 31

1878 – Thomas Beatson – graduate from the University of Edinburgh

Question 32

used in treating and preventing breast cancer
➢ Block action of estrogen on breast cancer cells

Answer 32

Tamoxifen

Question 33

Received 19 hour of radiation treatments but eventually died from the
cancer

Answer 33

rose lee

Question 34

Performed the first medical irradiation for breast cancer
Founded the first radiation therapy facility in Chicago in 1896

Answer 34

Emil Grubbe – Homeopathic physician

Question 35

introduced modified radical mastectomy in 1949
➢ encouraged radiation as adjunct treatment to surger

Answer 35

D.H Patey and W.H Dyson of the Middlesex Hospital in London

Question 36

attempts to avoid damage to normal tissues, reduces the
negative side effects of radiation thereby improving effectiveness.

Answer 36

Contemporary Radiation Therapy

Question 37

advocated more studies and trials in order to determine
efficacy of these various treatments.
➢ is the first and oldest radiology society in the United States.
➢ It was founded in 1900, in the early days of X-ray and radiation study

Answer 37

American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS)

Question 38

began the Reach for recovery program – group of
breast cancer survivors who had mastectomies.

Answer 38

1952 - American Cancer Society (ACS

Question 39

is the most important innovation in breast cancer control since the radical
mastectomy was introduced by Halstead in 1898

Answer 39

MAMMOGRAPHY