mammography Flashcards
Discovered in the remains of a female skull reveal the oldest specimen of cancer
Bronze Age (between 1900 and 1600 BC)
Physicians have been documenting breast cancer in Papyrus
17th Century
is believed to be written by God Imhotep
o Details of eight (8) cases of breast tumors – “bulging tumors” of the breast
o No treatment for breast cancer
1862- Edwin Smith Papyrus
treatment of breast cancer is non-existent
Ancient Egypt
Barbaric type of surgery with cauterization using boiling oil
▪ A tool called a fire drill without anesthesia or antisepsis
Ancient Egypt
Persian physician living in Greece
➢ Credited with the first recorded “cure” of breast cancer
➢ Cured Queen of Atos – wife of King Darius – believed to have had breast cancer
484 and 425 BC – Democedes,
described forms of cancer found throughout many parts of the
body
Carcinoma – Hippocrates
comes from the Greek term Karkinos – referring to a crab
carcinos
Hippocrates believed balanced in the four fluids of the body:
✓ Blood
✓ Phlegm
✓ Yellow bile
✓ Black bile
knew that cancer usually recurs
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
knew nothing about the spread of disease but boiled their surgical instruments before
operation.
▪ Modeled their medical practice on the Greeks
▪ Greeks took what they know from Egyptians
Romans
is credited with being the first physician
✓ to surgically remove a breast using a knife
✓ cautery to stem the flow of blood during and after surgery
180 AD – Aegean Sea Greece – Leonides
Greek physician, pharmacist, and philosopher from the isle of Pergamus – thought much
as Hippocrates had.
Caudius Galen
✓ Surgery should be attempted only if the tumor was small and found in an early stage.
✓ Never been able to cure breast nor did he know anyone who had
✓ He believed that before surgery:
▪ Patient had to be purged of bile
▪ Veins to bleed
Abulcassis
Surgeons were not highly regarded not were they very educated or even considered intelligent
Europeans Dark Ages
discovered another alternative to cauterization when excising breast tumors:
Mixing egg white, turpentine and rose oil for more effective and less painful way to seal a wound.
➢ Knew that the axillary lymph nodes were usually part of the malignant process.
Ambrose Pare
Recommended sutures to control bleeding after mastectomy
▪ Humani Corporis Fabrica -depicted human body in greater detail
Flemish anatomist - Andreas Vesalius
an Italian scientist and philosopher attended medical school, reduced problems to
simple terms then analyzed and solved them mathematically.
Galileo
Breast cancer and surgery were studied in France, England, and Germany and
Caribbean.
1800s
a barbaric instrument was discovered that was to believe to reduce pain and speed
up time of surgery
Germany
Use forks and metal rings to hold the breast in place for amputation with a knife or a hinge scythe
Dutch and French
believed that surgery was a cure for cancer
Radical treatments for breast cancer – documentation shows women experience normal
recovery.
Adrian Helvetius
underwent mastectomy and lived
another 30 years.
1700 - Sister Barbara –
first physician to recognize
that cancer started as a local disease, could spread to the lymph nodes and into circulation, connecting
the spread of cancer with poor prognosis.
Henry Francois LeDran -practice in France – Hospital St. Come-
surgeon of the Middlesex Hospital in London
➢ Believed in follow up after breast cancer surgery to effectively study
survival rates.
➢ Realized there were many recurrences of breast cancer following surgery
and reported several causes.
Charles Moore (1821-1879)
thought women lived longer if they underwent no surgery at all
since majority of deaths were due to post-surgical infections
Sir Thomas Smith of England
professor of John Hopkins hospital in Baltimore
▪ Began using anesthesia -available in 1846
▪ Used Antiseptic – available in 1867 – radical mastectomy
▪ Used a “tear drop incision” – needs grafting
▪ Credited with perfecting the way radical mastectomy was to be performed
o Wide incision of the nipple and surrounding skin, the pectoralis muscle, and the axillary
nodes with all the tissue being received as one piece, cutting a wide path around the tum
William Halsted
English surgeon – studied the concept of metastasis
Stephen Paget –
believed cancer originated at one point in the body and
spread equally in all directions through the lymphatic system.
William Sampson Handley of London
continued the work of his father William S. Handley
➢ Biopsied internal mammary lymph nodes during mastectomy
Richard S. Handley
Discovered that the ovaries which produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone,
regulate the breasts which contain estrogen receptor cells.
1878 – Thomas Beatson – graduate from the University of Edinburgh
used in treating and preventing breast cancer
➢ Block action of estrogen on breast cancer cells
Tamoxifen
Received 19 hour of radiation treatments but eventually died from the
cancer
rose lee
Performed the first medical irradiation for breast cancer
Founded the first radiation therapy facility in Chicago in 1896
Emil Grubbe – Homeopathic physician
introduced modified radical mastectomy in 1949
➢ encouraged radiation as adjunct treatment to surger
D.H Patey and W.H Dyson of the Middlesex Hospital in London
attempts to avoid damage to normal tissues, reduces the
negative side effects of radiation thereby improving effectiveness.
Contemporary Radiation Therapy
advocated more studies and trials in order to determine
efficacy of these various treatments.
➢ is the first and oldest radiology society in the United States.
➢ It was founded in 1900, in the early days of X-ray and radiation study
American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS)
began the Reach for recovery program – group of
breast cancer survivors who had mastectomies.
1952 - American Cancer Society (ACS
is the most important innovation in breast cancer control since the radical
mastectomy was introduced by Halstead in 1898
MAMMOGRAPHY
