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MAMMOGRAPHY > MAMMO - PRELIM L1 & L2 > Flashcards

MAMMO - PRELIM L1 & L2 Flashcards

1
Q

Breast cancer caused _______ deaths globally in _______

A
  1. 670,000
  2. 2022
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2
Q

Approximately ______ % of breast cancers occur in men

A

0.5-1%

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2
Q

Other term for breast aside from Mammo

A

Masto

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3
Q

It is the second leading cause of cancer death succeeding lung cancer

A

Breast Cancer

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3
Q

85% of breast cancer cases are ______

A

Sporadic

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3
Q

It is the process of using low-energy x-ray to examine the human breast for diagnosis and screening

A

Mammography

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4
Q

_______ % of breast cancer cases are due to genetic mutation

A

5-10 %

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5
Q

The goal of Mammography is ________

A

Early Detection of Breast Cancer

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6
Q

It is designed to enhance differential absorption in similar tissues such as muscle and fat

A

Soft Tissue Radiography

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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Mammography is an example of Soft Tissue Radiography.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

He is a German physician who reported the radiographic appearance of breast cancers and described breast cancer metastasis.

A

Dr. Soloman (1913)

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9
Q

Mammography was first attempted in the _______

A

1920’s

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10
Q

He made the first published radiograph of a living person’s breast in a German medical textbook on malignant tumors.

A

Otto Kleinschmidt (1927)

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11
Q

He renewed interest in mammography with his demonstration of a successful technique that used low kVp, high mAs, and direct film exposure

A

Robert Egan (1950’s)

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12
Q

Robert Egan was renowned as the ______

A

Father of Mammography

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13
Q

They showed that
Xenomammography was superior to direct film exposure
at much lower patient radiation dose.

A

Wolf and Ruzicka (1960s)

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14
Q

It is the photoelectric method of recording an x-ray image on a coated metal plate, using low-energy photon beams, long exposure time, and dry chemical developer; showing all parts of the breast in one image

A

Xenomammography

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15
Q

First introduced the combination of higher resolution, faster speed x-ray film and an IS

A

duPont Company

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15
Q

It is the project wherein 280,000 women underwent annual screening for breast cancer for 5 years at 29 locations throughout the United States. Organized by the American Cancer Society (ACS) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI)

A

The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project

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16
Q

With which imaging company did duPONT collaborate with to improve screen-film combinations for extremely high quality mammographic images with very low patient radiation exposures

A

KODAK

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17
Q

Implemented to mandate the maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs

A

Mammography Quality Standards Act (1992)

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18
Q

Menopause may be caused by prolonged use of ______

A

Estrogen

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19
Q

Give the eight (8) risk factors for breast cancer:

A
  1. Age
  2. Family History
  3. Genetics
  4. Breast Architecture
  5. Menstruation
  6. Menopause
  7. Education
  8. Socioeconomics

(Ang-Feeling-Gar-Basic-Metro-Manila-Enjoyer-Sobra)

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20
Q

Type of mammography performed on asymptomatic women with the use of a two-view protocol (medial lateral oblique and cranial caudad) to detect an unsuspected cancer

A

Screening Mammography

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21
Q

Type of mammography performed on patients with symptoms or elevated risk factors

A

Diagnostic Mammography

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22
Q

What are the standard techniques used for breast imaging (2):

A
  1. Screen-film X-ray Mammography
  2. Real-time Ultrasound
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23
Q

What are the other new techniques used for breast imaging (5):

A
  1. MRI
  2. Color Doppler
  3. Contrast Ultrasound
  4. Digital Mammography
  5. Scintimammography
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24
Q

Which organization recommends that women perform monthly breast self-examinations ?

A

American Cancer Society

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25
Q

The first radiographic examination of the breasts and is usually obtained before 40 years of age

A

Baseline Mammogram

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26
Q

Low kVp is used because it helps to __________ and _________ in order to enhance the differential absorption by various tissues of the breasts

A
  1. Minimize Compton Scattering
  2. Maximize the Photoelectric Effect
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27
Q

It is a conventional method of breast imaging where x-rays are captured on a film cassette containing a special screen then developed to produce a visible image of the breast on film

A

Film Screen / Analog Mammography

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28
Q

It is an American organization that established guidelines that require using a dedicated unit when performing screen-film mammography

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

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29
Q

What are the basic considerations for mammographic equipment (4):

A
  1. Space
  2. Portability
  3. Electrical Requirements
  4. Ergonomics
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30
Q

The examination room should accommodate the unit with its shield and provide enough _______ for the tech to move around and to assist the client for proper positioning

A

Space

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31
Q

Some units are on wheels, and others must be anchored to the floor or the wall

A

Portability

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32
Q

Provide proper dedicated electric power for the mammography unit

A

Electrical Requirements

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33
Q

Other mammographic units require _____ or _______ wiring to be installed.

A
  1. Three-phase
  2. 220
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34
Q

It pertains to consideration that mammographic equipment must be user friendly to both the client and operator to ensure optimized working conditions, especially for mammographic staff

A

Ergonomics

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35
Q

Ergonomics is also known as _________

A

Human Factors Engineering

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36
Q

Minimum range of travel for C-Arm mammography is at ___________ cm above the ______

A
  1. 66 to 140 cm
  2. Floor
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37
Q

______ or ______ should be available to the client to maintain a difficult or awkward position

A

Grips or Handles

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38
Q

Which mammographic unit should remain as small as possible to facilitate positioning of the client’s head for the craniocaudal view and during magnification views

A

Tube Housing or Face Shield

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39
Q

This permits fast and easy exchange of different size film Buckys or cassettes

A

Image Receptor Support Device (IRSD)

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40
Q

This indicates the exposure factors used to control radiation dose and hence, image quality

A

Control Panel

41
Q

Which element was introduced as the target and filter in 1966

A

Molybdenum

42
Q

What are the components of mammographic equipment (10):

A
  1. Generator
  2. Support System
  3. X-ray Tube
  4. Collimator / Cone
  5. Breast Compressor
  6. Anti-scatter Grids

7.Cassette Holder

  1. Automatic Exposure Control
  2. Phototimers
  3. Detector System
43
Q

A maximum limit of ______ is standard for preventing excessive patient radiation dose

44
Q

High voltage generation requires _______ kVp of x-ray energy for good contrast with ______ kW tube rating

A
  1. 20 - 40 kVp
  2. 3-10 kW
45
Q

Mammographic x-ray tubes are manufactured with a ______, ________, or _______ target

A
  1. Tungsten (W)
  2. Molybdenum (Mo)
  3. Rhodium (Rh)
46
Q

Which element is the target for x-rays ?

A

Tungsten (W - 74)

47
Q

Most common target in mammography

A

Molybdenum (Mo - 42)

48
Q

Which element is used in denser tissues

A

Rhodium (Rh - 45)

49
Q

The x-rays most useful for enhancing differential absorption in breast tissue and for maximizing radiographic contrast are those in the range of ______ keV

50
Q

Mammographic x-ray tube have rotating anode, characterized by the following specifications:

Anode Angle = ____
Tube Tilt = ______
SID = ______

A

Anode Angle = 0 to 16 Degrees

Tube Tilt = 6 to 24 Degrees

SID = 60 to 65 cm

51
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The larger the focal spot size, the better.

A

FALSE

The SMALLER the focal spot size, the better.

52
Q

Mammography ideally uses a ______ focal spot but conventionally uses a _______ focal spot

A
  1. Ideally = Circular
  2. Conventionally = Rectangular
53
Q

Dedicated x-ray tubes have either a _______ window or a very thin _________ glass window

A
  1. Beryllium
  2. Borosilicate
53
Q

Inherent filtration in the window of mammographic equipment is approximately ________

A

0.1 mmAl equivalent

54
Q

0.1 mmAl is equal to ________ of Be

55
Q

The filters used in mammography are based on the ________ and attenuate the radiation

A

k-edge Principle

56
Q

Atomic number of Beryllium

57
Q

This improves spatial resolution and contrast resolution, and also reduces the patient radiation dose

A

Compression

57
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The conic shape of the breast requires that the radiation intensity near the chest wall must be lower than that to the nipple side to ensure near-uniform exposure of the IR.

A

FALSE

The conic shape of the breast requires that the radiation intensity near the chest wall must be HIGHER than that to the nipple side to ensure near-uniform exposure of the IR.

58
Q

_____ to _____ N of force is typically used for compression

A

10 to 20 N

59
Q

A compression device made of polycarbonate material

A

Lexan Paddle

59
Q

A flat, ______ paddle provides a uniform density image

60
Q

This compression paddle gives uniform density across image

A

Full Compression Paddle

61
Q

It provides better compression over a small area

A

Spot Compression Paddle

62
Q

What are the two (2) types of Compression Devices:

A
  1. Full Compression Paddle
  2. Spot Compression Paddle
62
Q

_______ are required for proper direction of x-ray beam, proper collimation, for rejecting scatter radiation and protection of chest wall and lungs from unnecessary radiation

63
Q

What are the three (3) designs currently used for collimators:

A
  1. Fixed Aperture
  2. A Set of Interchangeable Cones for Various Sizes of Breast
  3. An Internal Set of Collimating Blades
64
Q

A unique grid developed specifically for mammography

A

High-Transmission Cellular (HTC) Grid

65
Q

Grid ratio of Anti-scattered Grid

A

3:1 or 5:1

66
Q

Preferred interspace material for Anti-scattered Grid

A

Carbon Fiber

67
Q

Grid frequency of Anti-scattered Grid

A

30-40 lines/cm

68
Q

IR sizes for mammo are (2):

A
  1. 8x10 “ (18x24 cm)
  2. 10 x12 “ (24x30 cm)
69
Q

Designed to measure not only x-ray intensity at the IR but also x-ray quality

A

Phototimers

70
Q

Two types of Automatic Exposure Control devices include:

A
  1. Ionization Chamber
  2. Solid-state Diode
71
Q

A specialized device use to measure the radiation dose delivered to the patient by the x-ray machine, allowing for quality control and accurate dose calculations

A

Ionization Chamber

72
Q

A key component within a solid-state detector, which is used to convert x-rays directly into electrical signals

A

Solid-state Diode

72
Q

Used frequently in mammography, producing up to twice the normal size involving the use of microfocus x-ray tubes, adequate compression, and patient positioning devices

A

Magnification Mammography

73
Q

What are the four (4) IR used for Screen-film Mammography:

A
  1. Direct Exposure Film
  2. Xeroradiography
  3. Screen-film
  4. Digital Image Receptor
74
Q

Which IR is used for early mammographic imaging without the use of intensifying screens ?

A

Direct Exposure Film

75
Q

Which IR uses selenium-coated aluminum plate and a dry process requiring less radiation

A

Xeroradiography

76
Q

This pertains to the type of conversion from X-ray to Electrical Signals

A

Direct Conversion

77
Q

Digital Mammography is also called as ________

A

Full-Field Digital Mammography

77
Q

This pertains to the conversion from X-ray to Visible Light to Electrical Signals

A

Indirect Conversion

78
Q

Designed to compare the efficient of digital mammography with that of screen-film mammography with which we had 30 years of experience

A

Digital Mammography Imaging Study Trial (DMIST)

79
Q

DMIST is ideally used for_______ breasts

A

Younger / Denser

80
Q

Advancements in Digital Mammography include (3):

A
  1. Tomosynthesis
  2. Photon Counting
  3. Computer Aided Detection (CAD)
81
Q

Rotating machine takes multiple x-ray images (3D component) are used to create a 2D composite image
rather than having to perform the 2D mammogram in
addition to 3D

A

3D Mammogram with Generated 2D Composite Image

82
Q

Rotating machine takes multiple x-ray images while breast is compressed between two x-ray plates that take
2D images

A

Combination of 2D Plus 3D Mammogram

83
Q

Breast is compressed between two x-ray plates that each
take a 2D picture

A

Traditional 2D Images

84
Q

It is a 3D imaging
technology that acquires a series of low-dose projection
images of the compressed or uncompressed breast at different angles

A

Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT)

85
Q

One of the newer forms of x-ray based mammography technologies that employ a slot-scanning design in which the system performs a lateral scan of the breast with a slot collimator

A

Photon Counting

86
Q

In 2003, the _______ system was introduced by Sectra Mamea

A

Micro Dose Mammography (MDM)

87
Q

Is a sophisticated
FDA- approved technology that helps radiologists identify characteristics that may be associated with various
forms of cancer.

A

Computer-Aided Detection (CAD)

88
Q

BCDDP stands for _______

A

Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project

88
Q

It refers to a standard mammogram
image that is analyzed by computer-aided detection
(CAD) software to highlight potential abnormalities

A

CAD Mammogram

89
Q

High voltage generators accept a _______ input, which is
rectified and capacitor-smoothed to produce a _______ voltage waveform

A
  1. Single-phase
  2. Direct Current
90
Q

Breasts that are 0-2 cm thick must be applied with a kVp of _______

91
Q

Breasts that are 3-4 cm thick must be applied with a kVp of _______

91
Q

Breasts that are 5-6 cm thick must be applied with a kVp of _______

92
Q

Breasts that are 7-8 cm thick must be applied with a kVp of _______

A

30^a / 32 kVp

93
Q

Provide the following compressed breast thicknesses with their corresponding target filters for mammography:

0-2 cm =
3-4 cm =
5-6 cm =
7-8 cm =
7-8 cm =

A

0-2 cm = Mo-Mo
3-4 cm = Mo-Mo
5-6 cm = Mo-Rh
7-8 cm = Mo/Rh
7-8 cm = Rh /Rh

94
Q

This aids in vertical movement of the C-arm and the compression device free the hands of the technologist while positioning

A

Foot Control

95
Q

________ compression must be used in x-ray mammography

96
Q

The incidence of breast cancer _________ with age

97
Q

Which month is the Breast Cancer Awareness Month ?

MAMMOGRAPHY (3 decks)

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