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the next generation exam 3 > Mammary Physiology > Flashcards

Mammary Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Variation in location, number, and nipple openings of mamamry glands correlate to:

A

Litter size

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2
Q

The mammary gland is an _____ gland that functions to:

A

Exocrine
Nourish the neonate

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3
Q

Explain how the mammary gland functions as a food source and as protection:

A

Food Source: Fat, protein, sugar (CHO), vitamins, minerals, water
Protection: Immunoglobulins (colostrum), first antibody protection

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4
Q

Components of bovine milk include:

A

Water
Fat
Solids (Protein, Lactose, Minerals)

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5
Q

Proteins included in milk include:

A

Casein and whey

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6
Q

Definition of milk solids:

A

Dried powder left after all the water is removed from liquid milk

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7
Q

Why does the amount of milk solids matter in real life?

A

Too much water and/or too few solids can lead to diarrhea and malnutrition

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8
Q

Milk replacer is typically what percent solids?

A

12-15%

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9
Q

The less total solids in a species’ milk, the _____ suckling occurs

A

MORE

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10
Q

Fat in bovine milk is made from:

A

Half from Acetate and Butyrate production in rumen
Half is pooled fatty acids from blood (body fat, diet, synthesized in liver)

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11
Q

____ have the most fat in milk, followed by ____ and finally _____ (least).

A

Sheep
Cows
Goats

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12
Q

Protein is formed in the mammary glands by:

A

Lactational epithelial cells

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13
Q

Milk protein is synthesized by:

A

Amino acids in blood
Glucose required (Propionate from rumen, breakdown of AA)

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14
Q

Casein is the ___ portion of the milk, and _____ is used to separate casein from whey

A

Curd
Acid treatment (Rennin)

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15
Q

Whey is the ______ portion of the milk and is mainly made of:

A

Liquid (by-product of cheese production)
Alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin

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16
Q

Lactose is a _________ composed of _____ and ______

A

Disaccharide; glucose/galactose

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17
Q

What is the rate limiting step for milk production in cattle? Why?

A

Lactose production
Based upon how much glucose is available from propionate

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18
Q

What are the inorganic components of milk?

A

High in: Ca, P, K, I, and vitamins
Low in: Na/Cl (less than blood)
Lower in: Fe, Se, & other micro minerals

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19
Q

Nonstructural carbohydrates include _________ and form _______ (VFA)

A

Concentrates (Sugar/Starch), Propionate

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20
Q

Structural carbohydrates include:

A

Lignin
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Pectin

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21
Q

Cellulose produces _____ (VFAs), Hemicellulose produces ________, and Pectin produces _________.

A

Cellulose: Acetate, Butyrate
Hemicellulose: Acetate, propionate
Pectin: Acetate, propionate

22
Q

VFAs provide how much of the energy requirement for the ruminant?

A

60-80%

23
Q

Which VFA is most essential for milk production?

A

Propionate
More propionate = more lactose = more milk

24
Q

Why don’t we feed mostly grains to increase milk production?

A

Leads to subacute rumen acidosis

25
Q

What is colostrum?

A

The first secretion from the mammary glands after giving birth; rich in antibodies (but contains more than antibodies)

26
Q

Which species get immunoglobulins from the placenta only?

A

Rabbits, guinea pigs, mice, primates

27
Q

Which species get immunoglobulins in utero and from colostrum?

A

Dogs and cats

28
Q

Which species get immunoglobulins from colostrum only?

A

Ruminants, horses, pigs

29
Q

Embryogenesis/ Mammogenesis:

A

Development of the mammary gland tissue and growth

30
Q

Lactogenesis:

A

Synthesis and initiation of milk secretion from the alveoli

31
Q

Galactopoeisis:

A

Biosynthesis of milk

32
Q

Lactation:

A

Full milk secretion and maintenance of lactation

33
Q

Galactokinesis:

A

Ejection of milk

34
Q

Involution:

A

Regression and atrophy of the mammary gland

35
Q

Mammogenesis occurs from ______ to _______ and is known as ______________

A

Birth to puberty; allometric growth

36
Q

During puberty, what parts of the mammary gland develop?

A

Ducts, alveoli, mammary epithelium (last trimester, “bagging up”)

37
Q

Lactogenesis process:

A

Initiation of lactation
Stimulation at teat
Nerves carry message to pituitary
Release of prolactin and oxytocin
Bloodstream to udder
Milk letdown

38
Q

Galactopoiesis process:

A

Alveolar secretory cells
Lactose: pumped into alveolus and fluids follow osmotic gradient
Proteins: excreted by golgi apparatus; casein forms micelles as it is insoluble in water (milky appearance)
Fat: droplets form in cell and extruded with a surface membrane

39
Q

Galactokinesis process:

A

Reflex action: stimulation, auditory stimulus, conditioned reflex
Oxytocin (posterior pituitary)
Contraction of myoepithelial cells & relaxation of large alveolar ducts
Milk ejection

40
Q

Milk ejection lasts:

A

5-20 min

41
Q

Exogenous administration of oxytocin causes:

A

Will cause milk letdown in:
Heifers, cows with udder edema, removal of “residual” milk

42
Q

Lactation length by species?

A

Swine: 21-28 days, 24 avg
Equine: 4-7 months
Canine: 6-10 weeks
Goats: 2-4 months, 8-10 months (Dairy)
Sheep: 2-5 months, 4-8 months (Dairy)
Beef: 6-8 months
Dairy: 10-12 months

43
Q

What is the main way we start to “dry off” cattle?

A

Decrease feed intake, remove concentrates/forage

44
Q

What is the benefit of dry cow treatment?

A

Reduces persistent mammary infections
Decreases infection during dry period

45
Q

When do we start dry cow treatments?

A

45-60 days before calving

46
Q

Methods of drying off cattle?

A

Teat sealant
Vacciantions
Move to a different group, go on vacation

47
Q

Factors that affect milk production?

A

Nutrition
Length of dry period
Frequency of milking
BCS at parturition

48
Q

Describe Agalactia in mares?

A

Prolactin inhibited by dopamine
Fescue hay (Neotyphodium coenophialum)

49
Q

Treatment/control of fescue toxicosis (agalactia) in mares?

A

Remove from fescue 30-60 days prepartum
Administer domperidone

50
Q

What things cause involution of the mammary gland?

A

Decreased milking/nursing
Massive decline in metabolic activity of the mammary tissue
Degeneration of alveolar tissue

the next generation exam 3 (4 decks)

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