Initiation of Parturition Flashcards
What triggers the onset of parturition?
Fetal stress
How does fetal stress initiate parturition?
Maturation of the fetal HPA axis
Small space leads to fetal stress, increasing cortisol levels, leading to a chain of events
How do progesterone levels affect the onset of parturition?
Decreased progesterone removed the “block” on uterine contractions
How do estrogen levels affect the onset of parturition?
Increased estrogen causes induction of oxytocin receptors, pelvic ligament relaxation, vulvar swelling, and uterus becomes responsive to induction of contractions
Which hormones cause the pelvic ligaments to relax & what other clinical signs would be noticeable?
Relaxin, Estrogen
Gluteal muscles sink, tailhead becomes more prominent, sacrosciatic ligament softens
Cortisol levels in the fetus also enhances:
surfactant production (leads to lung maturation)
Expansion of the birth canal is caused by:
Relaxin, estrogens
Maternal behavior prior to parturition is controlled by:
Oxytocin
Which two hormones control milk production in the dam?
Prolactin (synthesis) and oxytocin (letdown/ejection)
Initiation of uterine contractions is caused by:
PGF, oxytocin
Which hormone is responsible for the termination of pregnancy?
PGF
Signs of impending parturition:
Mammary enlargement and colostrum production, Enlargement/elongation and laxity of vulva
Pelvic (sacrosciatic) ligament relaxation and softening of the perineum area, isolation, decrease in appetite (off feed)
Gestation lengths of large animals:
Camelids/mares: 11-12 months
Cattle: 283 days (~9.5 months)
Sheep: 152 days (~5 months)
Goats: 150 days (~5 months)
Pigs: 114 days (3 mo, 3 weeks, 3 days)
First stage of parturition is initiated by:
The fetus
What happens during the first stage of parturition?
Relaxation/Dilation of the cervix, uterine contractions commence, fetus adopts birth posture, chorioallantois enters vagina
What are some clinical signs seen during the first stage of parturition?
Isolation/off feed, colic signs, tail flagging/raising, vaginal discharge, milk & colostrum production (Wax plugs in mares)
What is the ‘Ferguson Reflex’?
Positioning of the fetus so that it triggers a neuroendocrine response in the cervix, resulting in oxytocin synthesis
How does dystocia occur?
Failure of Ferguson Reflex to take effect- fetus does not position itself correctly and does not stimulate the neuroendocrine events in the cervix, preventing full oxytocin production
What happens during the second stage of parturition?
Cervix is completely dilated
Uterine contractions continue (Ferguson Reflex)
Abdominal contractions begin
Fetus enters birth canal –> causing rupture of chorioallantois
Fetus is expelled
What clinical signs are seen during the second stage of parturition?
Water breaks (chorioallantois rupture, lubrication)
Active abdominal contractions
Delivery of fetus
What happens during the third stage of parturition?
Placental circulation is lost
Placental dehiscence and separation occurs
Uterine and abdominal contractions continue
Placental expulsion
What clinical signs are observed during the third stage of parturition?
Expulsion of the placenta!
If you see a placenta hanging from an animal should you pull it to help them pass it?
NO.
How long should stage two (fetal expulsion) last in each species?
Camelid: 5-90 min
Bitch: ~6h
Queen: 30-60 min/kitten (2-4h)
Cow: 30-60 min
Ewe: 30-120 min
Mare: 12-30 min
Sow: 150-180 min (20-30 min b/w piglets)
Best methods for predicting parturition in bitches?
Twice daily rectal temps, look for transient drop (98-97.5)
Ultrasound for fetal gut motility & renal pelvis
P4 levels can help, but not practical