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Mammals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average lifespan of a rabbit?

A

12 years

6-8 median

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2
Q

When do rabbits reach sexual maturity?

A

Male 4-7 months
Female 4-9 months
-dwarf breeds earlier

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3
Q

How long is the gestation length of a rabbit and how many kittens do they have?

A

30-33 days

4-12 kittens

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4
Q

How often do rabbits nurse their young?

A

Once or maybe twice a day

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5
Q

How many teeth does a rabbit have?

A

28

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6
Q

List some things a good rabbit enclosure should consist of?

A 
Escape proof
Easy to clean
Area to sleep and hide
Not wire flooring
Well ventilated
Have furniture and toys
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7
Q

For a rabbit how long each day should they roam around outside for?

A

4 hours a day

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8
Q

What is rabbit calicivirus also known as?

A

Viral haemorrhagic disease

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9
Q

What is the treatment for rabbit calicivirus?

A

None, invariably fatal

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10
Q

How often should a rabbit be vaccinated against calicivirus?

A

Annually

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of infection for a rabbit with calicivirus?

A

Incubation period 3-4 days
Haemorrhagic nasal discharge
DIC
Sudden death

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12
Q

What are some post mortem findings of a rabbit that was infected with calicivirus?

A 
Food still in GIT
Liver is pale, enlarged and mottled
Necrotising hepatitis
Haemorrhages in lungs
DIC
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13
Q

What is important about the transmission of calicivirus?

A

It is a relatively stable virus

Therefore can be transmitted by vectors and fomites

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14
Q

What are the signs and cause of rabbit vaccine-associated dermatitis?

A

Intradermal injection with calicivirus (vehicle irritant)
Hair loss, ulceration and maybe a secondary infection
DDx for hair loss between shoulder blades

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15
Q

How can you try and avoid vaccine-associated dermatitis in rabbits?

A

Use a new needle once vaccine drawn up
Inject subcutaneously
Massage well afterwards

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of rabbit myxomatosis?

A 
Swelling of -
Ears
Eyelids
Mouth
Genital region 
Either peracute or chronic
Can get pox lesions
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17
Q

How do you treat myxomatosis in rabbits?

A

Nothing. Invariably fatal

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18
Q

Why should you desex a female rabbit?

A

Uterine adenocarcinoma

80% by 6 years old

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19
Q

What are some clinical signs of a rabbit with uterine adenocarcinoma?

A 
May have no signs 
Mastitis/ cystic mammary glands
Pseudopregnancy
Bloody vaginal discharge
Depression
Anorexia
Endometrial changes
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20
Q

How much fibre, protein and fat should a rabbit have in its diet?

A

Fibre over 20%
Protein 15%
Low in fat - 2-3%

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of faeces rabbits pass?

A

Caecotrophs

Second pass faeces

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22
Q

What should a rabbit be fed?

A

Unlimited hay/grass
With variety of vegetables
Maybe small amount of quality pellets
Fruits for a treat

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23
Q

What are the 2 most common sites for blood collection in rabbits?

A

Marginal ear vein

Saphenous

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24
Q

What are some causes of abnormal caecotroph production?

A

Diet too high in carbohydrates
Diet too low in fibre
Other compounding factors
-stress, physical, teeth etc.

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25
Q

What is the most common cause of GI stasis in rabbits?

A

Inappropriate diet

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26
Q

What does a radiograph of a rabbit with GI stasis look like?

A

Has a caecum with lots of gas

Stomach is normal

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27
Q

How do you manage a rabbit with GI stasis?

A 
-Supportive care
Fluids
Pain relief
GI stimulants
Exercise
Massage
Diet
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28
Q

What does a radiograph of a rabbit with bloat and obstruction look like?

A

Stomach is distended, fluid filled and a gas cap

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29
Q

What are some clinical signs of a rabbit with bloat and obstruction?

A

Peracute onset
Sick, depressed, shocky
Painful abdomen that is tympanic

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30
Q

What are some clinical signs of a rabbit with ileus?

A

Subacute to chronic onset
Alert and responsive
Abdomen not guarded
Doughy feel to caecum

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31
Q

What are 4 physiological causes of skin disease in rabbits?

A

Nesting in pregnant rabbits
Pseudopregnancy
Barbering
Moulting

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32
Q

What is the main parasite of rabbits that cause skin disease?

A

Cheyletiella parasitovorax

  • Rabbit fur mite
  • Walking dandruff
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33
Q

How do you diagnose and treat a rabbit with Cheyletelliosis?

A

“Walking dandruff”
Excess scurf, especially dorsally
+/- pruritis
Can survive off host so need to also treat enclosure
Treat rabbit with Selamectin every 2-4 weeks or Ivermectin
Imidacloprid is ineffective

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34
Q

What is the cause of ear mites in rabbits?

A

Psoroptes cuniculi

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35
Q

What are the clinical signs of a rabbit with ear mites? And how do you treat them?

A 
Severe pain
Pruritis
Exudate
Encrustations
Treatment - 
Selamectin or Ivermectin
Pain relief - Meloxicam
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36
Q

What can cause a head tilt in rabbits?

A 
Encephalitozoon cuniculi 
- Protozoan 
- Predilection for eye, spinal cord, brain, kidneys 
Or Middle/Inner ear infections 
-Pus in ear canal 
-Tympanic bullae changes
-Inflammatory leukogram
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37
Q

When do guinea pigs reach sexual maturity?

A

Males 3-4 months

Females 2-3 months

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38
Q

How long do guinea pigs live for?

A

5-6 years max 10

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39
Q

How long is the gestation length for guinea pigs and how big is a litter?

A

59-72 days
-Pelvic symphysis separates before birth
1-13 , usually 2-4

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40
Q

For a guinea pig, how much fibre do they need and what else do you need to make sure they have?

A

Over 15% fibre

Vitamin C

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41
Q

What are the 2 main causes of pododermatitis in guinea pigs?

A

Wire flooring

hygiene

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42
Q

How do you treat guinea pig pododermatitis?

A

Flamizine ointment
Chlorhexidine scrub
Bandaging
-difficult to treat if advanced

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43
Q

In guinea pigs what are the clinical signs of a vitamin C deficiency?

A

Poor appetite
Swollen painful joints
Dry, brittle skin and coat
Maybe dental disease

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44
Q

What are the clinical signs of mange in guinea pigs?

A 
Pruritis!
Hair loss
Excess scurf
Ulcerated open wounds if severe
Often between the shoulder blades 
Can cause seizures
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45
Q

What causes mange in guinea pigs?

A

Trixacarus caviae

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46
Q

How do you treat a guinea pig with mange?

A

Selamectin or Ivermectin
Meloxicam
Shampoo after it settles slightly
Antibiotics if full thickness

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47
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of cystic ovaries in guinea pigs, and how do you treat it?

A 
Bilateral alopecia
Abdominal distension
90% incidence rate 
Treat-
Spey
Medication - HCG, GnRH
48
Q

What is cheilitis?

A

Ulcerative scabs on lips or nasal planum

49
Q

How do you treat cheilitis in guinea pigs?

A

Excision
Shampoos
Maybe steroids
Can spontaneously resolve

50
Q

Why do you need to be careful about using antibiotics in guinea pigs?

A

Enterotoxaemia

-Antibiotics cause a clostridial overgrowth

51
Q

What are the 4 broad causes of diarrhoea in guinea pigs?

A

Husbandry
Enterotoxaemia
Gut stasis
Bacterial

52
Q

What is the lifespan of mice?

A

1.5 - 2.5 years

53
Q

What is the lifespan of rats?

A

2.5 - 3.5 years

54
Q

What is the gestation length for rats and mice?

A

20 days

55
Q

When do rats and mice reach sexual maturity?

A

6-8 weeks

56
Q

What is chromodacryorrhoea?

A

Red tears in rats

57
Q

What causes chromodacryorrhoea?

A

Release of hormones from glands when the rat is stressed

58
Q

How do you differentiate chromodacryorrhoea from bleeding?

A

Put sample on slide and look for RBC’s

59
Q

What is the number 1 DDx for skin masses in rats and mice?

A

Mammary tumours

60
Q

Why should you desex female rats and mice?

A

Mammary tumours

61
Q

What is zymbal’s gland?

A

A gland in rats that sits near the base of ear and neck

62
Q

How is mouse mammary tumour virus transmitted?

A

From parents to offspring
-milk, germ cells, genome
Causes mammary tumours

63
Q

In mice what is the most common type of mammary tumour?

A

Adenocarcinomas

  • Malignant and hard to remove
  • Often spread and are invasive
64
Q

In rats what is the most common type of mammary tumour?

A

Fibroadenoma

  • Benign
  • Vascular supply not extensive
65
Q

What 2 things are correlated with a high incidence of spontaneous mammary tumours in rats?

A

Development of pituitary tumours

Persistent irregular oestrous cycles in old rats

66
Q

What are the 5 most common pathogens that cause chronic respiratory disease in rats and mice?

A 
Mycoplasma
Strep. pneumoniae
Corynebacteria kutscheri
Sendai virus
CAR bacillus
  • and stress
67
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic respiratory disease in rats and mice?

A 
Dyspnoea
Sniffles, snuffles
Nasal discharge 
Weight loss
Unkempt coat
Red tears 
Progress to severe pneumonia or bronchopneumonia
68
Q

How do you treat rats and mice with chronic respiratory disease?

A

Won’t cure - control it
Long term antibiotics
-Doxycycline, enrofloxacin

69
Q

When do ferrets reach sexual maturity?

A

4-8 months

70
Q

What is the average life span for a ferret?

A

6-8 years

71
Q

What is the gestation length for a ferret?

A

42 days

72
Q

What is important to remember about the oestrus cycle of ferrets and why?

A

They are induced ovulators

Will come into season and stay like that until mated

73
Q

In the ferret what organ is in a different position to normal?

A

The heart is more caudal

74
Q

How does distemper present in ferrets?

A 
Moist dermatitis 
-chin, lips, inguinal region
7-9 days post infection
-coughing, sneezing
ocular and nasal discharge 
Pyrexia
Foot lesions
75
Q

How do you treat a ferret with distemper?

A

Nothing - fatal

Vaccinate yearly with the canine C3 vaccination

76
Q

What do you feed ferrets?

A

They are true carnivores
Either whole animals or premium dry kitten food
And also things to chew
-High digestible, high protein

77
Q

In ferrets what organ is commonly enlarged?

A

Spleen - Splenomegaly

May or may not have clinical significance

78
Q

Why should you spey ferrets?

A

They will stay in heat until mated
Alopecia, bone marrow suppression, anaemia, death
Treat by giving HCG to bring off heat and then spey

79
Q

What is another name for sarcoptic mange in ferrets? How do you treat?

A 
Footrot
-Get dark brown encrustations of feet and nail bed - pain
Treat-
Bathe off encrustations
Chlorhexidine 
Selamectin or ivermectin
Meloxicam
Antibiotics if indicated
80
Q

If a ferret is present sneezing, with nasal discharge and coughing, what should you ask the owners?

A

If anyone in the household has the flu
Influenza can be passed from humans to ferret
Just do symptomatic treatment

81
Q

What small mammal can get heartworm?

A

Ferrets
Do an antigen test
Prevent by giving-
Selamectin, Ivermectin or Proheart

82
Q

What small mammal is the ‘Boxer’ of the exotics?

A

Ferrets

Skin lumps - excise and histo

83
Q

What 3 types of neoplasia are most common in ferrets?

A

Insulinomas
Lymphomas
Adrenal gland disease

84
Q

What are some clinical signs of insulinoma in ferrets?

A 
Middle aged to old 
Hypoglycaemia from excess insulin production
Weakness, incoordination
Hypersalivation
'Glazed look''
Collapse, coma
85
Q

How do you diagnose and treat an insulinoma in a ferret?

A 
Diagnose by having a serum blood glucose under 3.4-3.8 mmol/L
Treat 
-Surgery
-Diazoxide or prednisolone
-Dietary control
86
Q

What are some clinical features of a ferret with lymphoma?

A

Non-specific signs -
Weight loss
Lymph node enlargement

87
Q

How do you diagnose and treat a ferret with lymphoma?

A 
Diagnose-
Lymph node biopsy
WCC over 10,000
Treatment-
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy?
88
Q

What is the most common cardiac disease in ferrets?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

89
Q

How do the clinical signs of cardiac disease differ from other species?

A

They don’t cough as much, even though they get pulmonary oedema still

90
Q

What type of teeth do rabbits have?

A

Hypsodont

-Open rooted and continuously grow

91
Q

What teeth don’t rabbits have?

A

Canines

92
Q

What extra-oral structure is commonly affected in rabbits with dental disease?

A

The eyes

-Especially if unilateral

93
Q

How is dental disease graded?

A

Into 5 stages
1 - Normal
2 - Root elongation, subtle swellings, some radiographic change
3 - Abnormal occlusion, teeth curving, spurs, teeth loosening
4 - Big distortion of most teeth, crowns may be broken
5 - Osteomyelitis, abscesses, crowns broken and roots resorbed

94
Q

What are some secondary problems of dental disease?

A 
Lack of grooming
Staining around perineum
Eye and nasolacrimal problems
Excessive ptyalism 
Reluctance to eat high fibre foods 
Behavioural changes
95
Q

What are 2 environmental factors for the development of dental disease in rabbits?

A 
Incorrect diet 
-lack of abrasives
-deficient in Ca, Vit D
Inadequate exposure to UV light 
-Metabolic bone disease is a possible factor
96
Q

What is the most important thing to do to prevent dental disease in rabbits?

A

Feeding of grass or hay in unlimited quantities

97
Q

What is the aim for in rabbits with dental disease?

A

Controlling and slowing the progression of disease

98
Q

In rabbit dental abscesses, along with removing the tooth and abscess, what other 3 things/techniques that are also often used?

A

Antibiotic impregnated polymethacrylate beads
Marsupialisation of the wound
Antibiotic impregnated gauze swabs

99
Q

What 3 things are often given to a rabbit after a dental procedure to help with pain?

A

NSAID - Meloxican
Opiate - Tramadol
Local nerve block

100
Q

What diet-specific thing do you need to look at in a guinea pig with dental disease?

A

If there is sufficient Vitamin C.

101
Q

Ferrets have similar teeth to what other domestic animal?

A

Cats - strict carnivores

102
Q

When are deciduous teeth shed in ferrets?

A

At 7-11 weeks of age

103
Q

How many teeth do ferrets have?

A

34

104
Q

What are the 3 most common dental disease problems in ferrets?

A

Fractured incisor tips
Tartar
Periodontal disease of the carnassials

105
Q

What preventative measures are used for dental disease in ferrets?

A

Feeding chew toys and bones

Brushing teeth

106
Q

What teeth don’t rats and mice have?

A

Canines and Premolars

107
Q

What dental disease problem is most common in rats and mice?

A

Incisor malocclusion

108
Q

What 6 things can you do/use to prevent heat loss during surgery?

A 
Minimal clipping and prep
Bubble wrap
Heat pads
Warmed air
Hair dryer
Table lamp
109
Q

What 5 things are important when anaesthetising a rat or mouse?

A 
Minimal fasting
Premed - ACP, Opiate
Isoflurane masking
Prevent heat loss
Pain relief
110
Q

What 3 vessels can you use in rats and mice?

A

Ventral coccygeal - tail
Lateral tail vein
Saphenous vein

111
Q

What do you use for anaesthetising ferrets?

A

Premed ACP & Buprenorphine or butorphanol
Methadone/morphine
Mask with Isoflurane

112
Q

What do you need to remember when anaesthetising ferrets?

A

If masking down, they will keep jaw tone for a period of time

113
Q

What 4 veins can you use in ferrets?

A

Jugular
Cephalic
Anterior vena cava
Ventral tail vein

114
Q

Can you intubate guinea pigs?

A

Yes but it can be difficult

115
Q

What is the anaesthetising process for rabbits?

A 
Withhold food 2-3 hours
Premed and sedate
Pre-oxygenate
Mask induce
Intubate 
IV ketamine/Dom/But
116
Q

What 4 veins can you use in rabbits?

A

Jugular
Cephalic
Saphenous
Lateral ear vein

Exotics (3 decks)

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