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Exotics > Birds > Flashcards

Birds Flashcards

1
Q

Why do birds often present just before they die?

A

The masking phenomenon

-Mask symptoms until physically can’t anymore

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2
Q

Since birds often present with limited physical signs, what can you use to determine if, or what, is wrong?

A

Diagnostic tests

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3
Q

What 4 biochemical parameters aren’t useful in interpreting liver function birds?

A

ALT
Alkaline phosphatase
Bilirubin
Albumin

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4
Q

What biochemistry parameters do you look at for hepatocellular rupture?

A

AST
CK
GLDH

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5
Q

What biochemistry parameters do you look at for cholestasis?

A

GGT

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6
Q

What biochemistry parameters do you look at for liver function?

A

Bile acids

Total protein

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7
Q

What 2 biochemical parameters aren’t useful in determining kidney function?

A

Creatinine

Phosphorus

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8
Q

What 4 biochemical parameters are important in determining reproductive function?

A

Calcium
Total protein
Cholesterol
Triglycerides

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9
Q

What 3 things cause hyperglycaemia in birds?

A

Can be normal
Stress
Diabetes mellitus
-can only be determined after serial tests

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10
Q

What 3 things can cause hypoglycaemia in birds?

A

Anorexia
Sepsis
Testing delay

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11
Q

How can you increase the accuracy of serology tests?

A

Serial or parallel testing

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12
Q

What are the 3 components of a bird blood count?

A

Erythrocytes - nucleated
Leucocytes
Thrombocytes - don’t have platelets

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13
Q

What is the PCV of parrots?

A

40-55%

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14
Q

When can you see primary polycythaemia? (Inc. Hgb conc.)

A

Bone marrow dysplasia

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15
Q

Are RBC numbers higher or lower than in mammals?

A

Lower

-They are bigger in birds so don’t need as many

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16
Q

What 5 things can affect the total red blood cell number?

A 
Age
Sex
Environment
Hormonal influences
Hypoxia
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17
Q

What do bird erythrocytes look like?

A

Elliptical

Central oval nucleus

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18
Q

What pathway is the major one responsible for blood clotting?

A

Extrinsic pathway

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19
Q

What will be elevated in a biochemistry test if there has been a significant loss of renal tubules?

A

Uric acid

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20
Q

What are 5 clinical signs that a bird is sick?

A 
Sunken eyes
Mucoid saliva
Decreased capillary refill
Wrinkling/tenting of skin
Decreased urinary output
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21
Q

How do you deliver fluid therapy to a sick bird? -amounts, not the route

A

10% body weight daily for 3 days
Then reduce to 5-7.5% daily
-Divide the daily total requirement into 2 or 3 doses

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22
Q

What 4 routes of administration of fluids can you use?

A

Oral
Sub-cutaneous
Intra-venous
Intra-osseus

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23
Q

What are 3 clinical signs of hypothermia?

A

Feathers fluffed
Lethargic and sleeping a lot
Unable to remain on perch

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24
Q

At what temperature should you heat a cage to treat hypothermia?

A

30-32 degrees

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25
Q

What are the 5 clinical signs of catabolism in a sick bird?

A 
Food untouched
Faeces
Urates small
Weight loss
'Going light'- loosing muscle
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26
Q

What are 3 ways you can treat catabolism in a sick bird?

A

Place food and water in easy accessible areas and offer favourite foods
Crop gavage with hand rearing formula
Oesophagostomy tubes

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27
Q

What are 5 clinical signs of respiratory compromise in a sick bird?

A 
Open mouth breathing
Increased respiratory effort 
Audible respiratory noise
Cyanosis
Collapse
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28
Q

How do you treat a bird with respiratory compromise?

A 
Acute-
Check for tracheal obstruction
Air sac catheter
Chronic-
Oxygen therapy
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29
Q

What are the 2 types of pain in birds?

A

Acute pain-
Fight or flight response
Chronic pain-
Conservation-withdrawal response

30
Q

What 3 things do you do to treat pain in a bird?

A

Remove source of pain
Calm the bird
Drugs

31
Q

What drugs can you use as analgesia in birds?

A 
Opioids-
Butorphanol
Morphine
Tramadol
NSAIDS-
Meloxicam
32
Q

What is special about the bird’s response to blood loss?

A

Can withstand greater amount of blood loss
Don’t have autonomic response that contributes to haemorrhagic shock
Ability to mobilise large numbers of immature erythrocytes

33
Q

What is wrong with feeding birds high seed diets?

A

High in fat, carbohydrates and phosphorus

But low in protein, vitamins, calcium and other minerals

34
Q

What 7 diseases can be a result from feeding high seed diets?

A 
Hypovitaminosis A 
Hepatic lipidosis
Diabetes mellitus
Cardiovascular disease
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
Skin and feather dystrophies
Immunosuppression
35
Q

What does hypovitaminosis A result in?

A

Hyperkeratinisation of the epithelial cells -
Upper respiratory tract
Upper GIT
Ureters
-Predisposes these sites to 2ndry infections or dysfunction

36
Q

What type of cardiovascular disease can be cause by high seed diets?

A

Atherosclerosis

37
Q

What species of chlamydia is of most importance?

A

Chlamydia psittaci

Has 5 serovars

38
Q

How is chlamydia classified?

A

Gram negative
Non-motile
Obligate intracellular

39
Q

What are clinical signs of psittacosis?

A 
Respiratory-
Conjunctivitis
Dyspnoea
Sneezing with purulent discharge
Gastrointestinal/hepati-
Diarrhoea
Biliverdinuria
'Sick bird look'
Other-
Poor feathering
Neurological signs
Polyuria
Infertility
40
Q

How is psittacosis transmitted?

A 
Ingestion or inhalation
Maybe egg transmission 
Incubation period 4days to 2years
Shedding starts 72hours after infection
Infection can be latent
Short immunity after infection
41
Q

Where are inclusion bodies usually found in cases of psittacosis?

A

Serosal membranes
Liver
Spleen
Affected air sacs

42
Q

What 3 tests are usually used to help diagnose chlamydiosis?

A

PCR
Immunocomb test for IgG
Ancillary testing - total white cell count

43
Q

What 3 antibiotics can be used to treat chlamydiosis?

A

Tetracyclines
Enrofloxacin
Azithromycin

44
Q

What can you use to disinfect surfaces from chlamydiosis?

A

Heat
Quaternary ammonium products
70% ethanol
3% hydrogen peroxide

45
Q

What are the clinical signs in people of psittacosis?

A 
Flu like symptoms-
Fever, chills
Pneumonia
Headache
Weakness, fatigue
Myalgia
Chest pain
Anorexia
Nausea, vomiting
46
Q

What are the two forms of psittacine beak and feather disease?

A

Acute and chronic

47
Q

What are the clinical signs and features of acute beak and feather disease?

A 
Juveniles around weaning
Lethargy
Fluffed
Anorexic 
Pancytopaenia and non-regenerative anaemia 
Severe hepatic necrosis
Feather lesions
48
Q

What are the clinical signs and features of chronic beak and feather disease?

A

Progressive replacement with dystrophic feathers
May loose tail feathers and primary flight feathers
May have untidy plumage
Colour changes
Beak lesions in cockatoos
Immunosuppresion

49
Q

How is beak and feather disease transmitted?

A

Shed in faeces, crop secretions and feather dust
Possible vertical transmission
Incubation of 21-25 days

50
Q

How can you diagnose beak and feather disease?

A

Basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in feather follicles
Feathers and skin with multifocal to diffuse necrosis
Beak has hyperkeratosis
Thymus and bursa atrophy

51
Q

How do you treat a bird with beak and feather disease?

A

Avian interferon possibly if before clinical signs
Supportive care
Most infected birds die within 2 years from immunosuppression complications

52
Q

What 3 things can you do to treat cloacal prolapse?

A

Correct behaviour
Ventoplasty
Cloacopexy

53
Q

What bird does phallic prolapse occur in, and what is the treatment?

A 
Waterfowl
Treatment-
Sexual rest
NSAID's
Antibiotics
Temporary ventoplasty
Amputation
54
Q

What ovarian problem can present as dyspnoeic?

A

Ovarian cysts

-Space occupying lesion

55
Q

What oviductal problems can birds get?

A

Salphingitis
Metritis
Yolk peritonitis

56
Q

What are the predisposing factors to egg binding?

A

Very young or very old
Malnutrition and obesity
Excessive egg production
Lack of physical fitness

57
Q

What are the 6 aetiologies of egg binding?

A 
Oviductal muscle dysfunction
Calcium deficiency
Myositis
Concurrent salpingitis or metritis
Systemic problems
58
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of egg binding?

A 
Excessive straining
Penguin-like posture
Dyspnoea
Collapse
Coelomic distension
59
Q

How do you diagnose a bird with egg binding?

A 
History of egg-laying
Clinical signs
Coelomic palpation
Coelomic radiography
Coelomic ultrasound
60
Q

What can you inject into a bird that has egg binding to help the process?

A

Calcium gluconate every 3-6 hours

If still nothing - intra-cloacal PGE2 gel

61
Q

What 3 fractures can you use a Y bandage for?

A

Humeral
Antebrachial
Carpal

62
Q

What 2 fractures can you use a figure 8 bandage for?

A

Antebrachial
Carpal
-NOT humeral

63
Q

What leg joint can’t you immobilise without surgery?

A

Coxo-femoral

64
Q

What are the 3 phases of behavioural analysis?

A

A - Antecedent
B- Behaviour
C - Consequences

65
Q

What percentage of the day in a wild bird is used by foraging and social behaviours?

A

80% foraging
20% Social
-Captive is opposite

66
Q

What 4 things makes a bird anaesthetic different?

A

Anatomy
Metabolism
Tendency to loose heat quickly
Usually chronically ill

67
Q

How long should you fast a bird before anaesthesia?

A

3-4 hours

If necessary remove crop contents

68
Q

How long can it take for profound hypothermia to occur in an anaesthetised bird?

A

20 minutes

69
Q

What things should you do to prepare a bird for anaesthesia?

A 
Weigh 
Fast
Assess respiration from a distance
Palpate crop and abdomen
Measure PCV, TPP and blood glucose
Maybe pre-emptive analgesia
70
Q

How do you induce small birds and waterfowl/large birds for anaesthesia?

A

Small birds-
Wrap loosely and mask induce
Water/large birds-
Induce via IV from catheter

71
Q

When should you intubate a bird during anaesthesia?

A

Longer procedure
Compromised patient
Rare or valuable

Exotics (3 decks)

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