Mammallian Joint Morphology Flashcards
What is the axial region comprised of?
Skull/cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
What is the apppendicular division made of?
Limb bones
What are joints?
Articulations that either firmly unite bones or allow specific movements between bones
Can be fluid or rigid
What type of joint are the joints in the limbs?
Synovial
What joints are in the forelimb?
Shoulder, elbow, carpal joints
What joints are in the hindlimb
Hip joint, stifle joint, tarsal joints
Describe the anatomy of the synovial joints
Where can synovial fluid be found
Synovial joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths
What is synovial fluid made of and what does it do
Made of mainly a trans update of blood plasma; has viscoelastic properties
Allows articular cartilage to glide and absorb stress
What are suture joints
Rigid joints
Example: skull plates —> see sutures in younger skulls and would fuse together with age
What are syndesmosis joints
Found in the hip
What are gomphosis joints
Specialized joints
Dento-alveolar joints
What are sychindylesis joints
Ridge and groove
What are ruffini endings
Respond to stretch and register the speed and direction of movement
What are golgi tendon organs
Mediate position sense
Are tendons in large organs and monitor tension levels while the muscle is contracting
What are simple endings
Numerous at the attachments of capsules and ligaments and are thought to be the terminals of unmyelinated and thinly myelinated nociceptive axons
What role do neurons play in muscle attachment/innervation
Help prevent injury from over-contraction
What is an agonist
Contracting muscle needed to generate movement
FIRST PARTICIPANT
What is an antagonist
Muscle which relaxes during contraction of agonist muscle
Need this to relax other muscle in order to contract
How does the limb lever position play a role in animals
The close it is, the quicker it can move BUT with less force
Farther away = slower movement, but more force
Describe how forces developed by skeletal muscles are transferred to bone
Transferred by tendons, aponeuoses and fasciae
Ligaments prevent excessive separation of adjacent bones
ALL OF THESE STRUCTURES comprise dense fibrous CT containing a high proportion of type 1 collagen
How does the femur connect to the acetabulum
Ligament of femoral head which is a continuation of the transverse acetabular ligament
Describe hip dysplasia
-abnormal development of the coxofemoral joint; muscle mass does not increase rapidly enough to account for rapid bone growth
What are some characteristics of hip dysplasia
-joint laxity or instability
-leads to degenerative joint changes
