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biology > mammalian transport systems and cardiovasculsr health > Flashcards

mammalian transport systems and cardiovasculsr health Flashcards

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1
Q

what is needed for effective transfer of materials

A

-large sa to vol ratio
-short diffusion pathway
-partially permeable to allow materials to cross without obstruction

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2
Q

what is the role of av valves

A

they prevent backflow from ventricles back to atria

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3
Q

wht is the role of the semi lunar valve

A

to prevent backflow into the ventricles

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4
Q

mammals have 2 circulatory systems … what are they

A

pulmonary system and systemic system

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5
Q

what are the components of the circulatory system

A

heart
blood vessels
blood

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6
Q

what type of muscle is the heart made up of

A

cardiac muscle

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7
Q

what special property does cardiac muscle have

A

it doesnt tire

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8
Q

the cardiac cycle has four steps.. what are they

A

1.diastole(realxation)
2.systole(contrsction)
2.atrial systole
3.ventriculr systole

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9
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

sequence of events that happens during one heartbeat

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10
Q

what properties do capillaries have

A

have no valves
narrow lumen
can fit between cells
blood is at low pressure
thin walls

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11
Q

what properties do veins have

A

contains valves to prevent backflow
carries blood to the heart
large lumen to help blood flow
blood at low pressure

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12
Q

what properties do arteries have

A

blood is at high pressure
small lument to maintain blood pressure
have no valves
thick elastivc walls with fiblres
carries blood away from the heart

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13
Q

what is transported in the blood

A

nutrients
antibodies
carbon dioxide hormones
oxygen
urea
heat

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14
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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15
Q

what are leucocites

A

white blood cells

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16
Q

what are platelets

A

cell fragmentsthat assist in blood clotting

17
Q

properties of red blood cells

A

contain haemoglobin
no nucleus
make room for o2
biconcave disk
large surface area

18
Q

what is the blood clotting proccess

A

damaged tissue
rleases platelets
release thromboplastin
thromboplastin catalises
prothrombin
ca2
thrombin catalises
fibrinogen goes to fibrin
forms a clot

19
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

when hurt the blood is directed away from the damages vessels to prevent blood loss

20
Q

what is thromboplastin and what does it do

A

it is an enzime which in the presence of calcium ions catalises the version of an inactive enzyme prothrombin into the enzyme thrombin

21
Q

what increases heart rate

A

exercise
adrenaline
anger
atress
anxiety

22
Q

what decreases heart rate

A

sleep
digesting
beta blockers

23
Q

ethics for investigating heart rate in daphnia

A

very simple organism
easier to see heartbeat

24
Q

ethics against investigating heart rate in daphnia

A

cant be sure what they feel
daphnia could die
not good comparison to humans

25
Q

describe how haemoglobin loads and unloads oxygen from the blood

A

loads onto heamoglobin at high partiall pressure
in the lungs haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen
tissues have low partial pressure of oxygen as it has been used in respiration
tissue haemoglobin has lower affinity for oxygen
haemoglobin unloads oxgen at low partiall pressure

25
Q

what is haemoglobin

A

it is a globular protein , its structure is curled so that the hydrophilic side chains can face outward and hydrophobic side chains face inwards .this amkes haemogloblin soluble and therefore good for transport in the blood

26
Q

what is cvd

A

any condition that interferes with the coronary arteries

26
Q

outcomes of atheroscleosis

A

myocardial infarction / heart attack
angina - reduces oxygen to heart produces lactic acid
stroke-
aneurism- weakened artery splits open resulting in internal bleeding
high blood pressure- damages eyes and kidneys

27
Q

what are lipoproteins

A

combination of lipid , protein , and cholesterol
used to transport fats and cholesterol around the body
soluble in water
not eaten it is made in the body
there are 2 types - high density lipoproteins
- low density lipoproteins

27
Q

cholesterol properties

A

needed in cell membranes to make steroid sex hormones
similar properties to triglicerides
insoluble
found on food
made by liver from saturated fats
too much is harmful

28
Q

how amny types of cvd treatments are there

A

4
antihypertensives
plant statins
anticoagulants
platelet inhibatory drug

biology (3 decks)

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