biomolecules Flashcards
does oxygen have a slightly negative or slightly positive charge in a water molecule ?
it is slightly negative
how do water molecules bond?
the slightly negative atom of one water molecule will attract the slightly positive hydrogen atoms of other molecules and form a weak hydrogen bons.(called electrostatic attraction)
why does water have an unusually high melting and boiling point?
due to the electrostatic attraction which means that more energy is reqiered to overcome the forces of the additional hydrogen bond.
what is high specific heat capacity (realtive to water)
this means that the temperature of the water will remain realtivly sable despite large changes in temperature of the surrounding environment.
what can water be useful in the body
it allows chemical reactions to occur
fats can be transported as emulsions.
good solvent to transport substances
what is a buffer solution??
a solution that keeps the ph constant.
how does water protect the cells?
it acts as a buffer which means it keeps the cells ph from chaing which protects it from any damage
what is a molecule called when it has a slightly positive charge at one end and a slightly negative charge on the other?
dipole
list three useful properties of water
can form emulsions
high surface tension
an excellent solvent
high specific heat capacity
what is the angle between the two hydrogen atoms in a water molecule
104.5
what does amphoteric mean
it is when a solution can create both bases and acids
what is a colloid
an in between mixture with properties of a solution and suspension
what coulour does universal indicator go when:
acidic ?
basic?
red when acidic
blue when basic
what are carbohydarates most needed for in the body?
energy source
what elements do carbohydrates contain ?
carbon , oxygen and hydrogen
how many types of carbohydrates are there ?
3
what are the three types of carbohydrates called?
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
what are polysaccharides amde up of
they are made up of many monosaccharides
what is the general formula for a carbohydrate
CH2O
monosaccharides are classified into 3 groups depending on how many carbon atoms are in each molecule.state them
trioses(3 carbon atoms)
pentoses(5 carbon atoms)
hextoses(6 carbon atoms)
what is the general formula for glucose
c6h12o6
what is glucose a major source of
energy
how many types of glucose are there
there are two types . alpha and beta glucose
what is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose?
alpha creates a tripple helix and beta makes pleated sheets
what is a disaccharide?
two monosaccharides joined together by a condenstation bond.where a molecule of water gets removed
what is the opposite of a condensation reaction.
it is hydrolisis
what is hydrolisis
the opposite of condensation reaction where a molecule of water gets produced and the two molecules split up.
there are two types of glycocidic bond what are they.
1,4 glycocidic bond
1,6 gycocidic bond
what monosaccharides are in glucose
glucose and fructose
what monosacchrarides are in lactose
glucose and galactose
what monosacchrarides are in maltose
glucose and glucose
what are polysaccharides made up of and how do they form.
they are many monosaccharides joined together through glycocidic bonds that are a result of condensation reactions. in each reaction one water molecule is released.
where is starch found
in plants
what mixture is starch made up of
amylose and amylopectin
what is amylose
a straight unbranched chain of a/glucose molecules which spiral as the chain lengthens
what is amylopectin.
a branched polymer of a/glucose molecules
what are the three starch adaptations
compact structure
insoluble
glucose molecules can easily be released by hydrolisis
what is the enzyme that breaks down proteins?
protease
what elements make up proteins?
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
(sulphur)
what makes up an amino group?
nh2
nitrogen and 2 hydrogen.
what is the carboxyl group made up of?
carbon 2 oxygens and a hydrogen
the carbon and one of the oxygens have a double bond
what is it called when 2 amino acids join together?
a dipepetide
what is it callled when more than 2 peptides join together?
a dipeptide chain
what reaction makes amino acids join
condensation reaction.
what molecule is removed during a condensation reaction?
a water molecule
what bond is formed when 2 amino acids bond
a peptide bond
what reaction reverses the condensation reaction.
hydrolisis
what is the primary structure of a protein.
the primany structure is the sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain
how do secondary structures form in a protein.
when hydrogen bonds between the amino acids cause the polypeptide to form a regular repeating three dimensional structure
there are two types of secondary structures in proteins… what are they ?
they coil to produca an a-helix or they form beta pleated sheets
what are some properties of a-helix proteins and pleated sheets.
a helix - they are flexible , elastic
sheet- stable and strong
how is the tertiary structure formed in proteins.
formed when primary and secondary structure are folded into complicated 3d shapes
how are tertiary protein structures held in place
by hydrogen bonds , disulphide bridges and ionic bonds between the amino accids
why is the tertiary structure important?
because the enzymes give the molecules its uniqueactive site hence determining which substrates can fit.
what is the quaternary structure in proteins
formed when two or more polypeptide chains are linked together to form one larger complex protein.
what are lipids mostly used for
as energy stores and as structural components in organisms
what elements can be found in lipids?
hydrogen
carbon
oxygen
what is the most common type of lipid
a triglyceride
what are some functions of lipids.
protection around vital organs
electrical insulation more efficient transfer of nerve impulses
waterproofing on feathers and external layers
what are tryglicerides amde up of
three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
what are fatty acids
hydrcarbon chain with a carboxyilic group
in what ways do fatty acids differ
the length of the chain and weather they are staurated or unsaturated.
what are the diffferences between saturated and unsaturated
saturated have single bond , has no kinks and more hydrogen
unaturated have at least one double bond , chain has kinks in them , less hydrogen than in saturated
in what structure do fibrous proteins form
do not exceed the secondary structure
what is collagen made up of
3 polypeptides
alpha chains
forms a triple helix
what do globular proteins made up of
4 polypeptide chains
has haem group which contains iron
