Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mammalian Physiology > Mammalian Physiology II > Flashcards

Mammalian Physiology II Flashcards

1
Q

An important hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, in addition to thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), is:

A) insulin
B) parathyroid hormone

C) calcitonin

D) cortisol
E) growth hormone

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone controls the synthesis and release of

A) glucocorticoids from the adrenal medulla

B) glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

C) epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
D) mineralocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The main function of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is

A) to regulate states of consciousness
B) to ensure rapid delivery of hormone releasing factors to the posterior pituitary
C) to allow the liver to rapidly detoxify absorbed substances

D) to ensure rapid delivery of hormone releasing factors to the anterior pituitary

E) to control blood flow to the hypothalamus

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A hormone not regulated by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus is

A) growth hormone
B) thyroid hormone
C) follicle stimulating hormone

D) insulin

E) adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which of the following does not influence blood glucose levels?

A) cortisol
B) insulin

C) calcitonin

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which one of the following does not increase blood glucose levels?

A) mobilization of amino acids from extra hepatic tissues
B) liver gluconeogenesis
C) stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue

D) glycogenesis

E) glycogenolysis

A

D

Glycogenesis is glycogen formation; all others can result in increased glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Renin is secreted by the kidneys in response to

A) elevated aldosterone levels
B) increased blood pressure

C) decreased blood pressure

D) decreased aldosterone levels
E) low ECF sodium ion levels

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) is characterized by a deficiency in two hormones

A)calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
B) cortisol and growth hormone
C) aldosterone and thyroid hormone

D) aldosterone and cortisol

E) growth hormone and thyroid hormone

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

IGF-1 is synthesized and released by the liver in response to

A) growth hormone

B) prolactin
C) oxytocin
D) thyroid hormone
E) ACTH

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hormone receptors

A) are necessary for hormone action and bind to form a hormone-receptor complex

B) transmit action potentials inside the cell
C) are carried in the blood by large carrier proteins
D) play a significant role in phagocytosis

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The function of bicarbonate in the saliva of ruminants is

A) to decrease the pH of rumen contents
B) to aid in digestion of cellulose by the rumen microbes
C) to act as a nutrient source for rumen bacteria

D) to neutralize acids produced by rumen microbes

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hypothalamic control of prolactin depends on

A) prolactin negative feedback
B) serotonin

C) dopamine

D) growth hormone
E) progesterone

A

C

The release of prolactin is inhibited by the hypothalamus by dopamine (prolactin inhibiting hormone) unless the animal is stimulated to lactate; in all other cases hypothalamic hormones are stimulatory (releasing hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The process of digestion requires

A) mechanical breakdown of food
B) enzymatic breakdown of food
C) absorption through the intestinal wall
D) secretion of enzyme-containing fluids
E) a), b) and d)

F) all of the above

A

F

Digestion is both the breakdown & absorption of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Amenorrhea is

A) excessive and prolonged menstruation

B) cessation of menstrual periods

C) shorter intervals between menstrual periods

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which statement is correct

A) B lymphocytes from the thymus stimulate cell mediated immunity and T lymphocytes from the bone marrow stimulate antibody production
B) B lymphocytes from the bone marrow stimulate cell mediated immunity and T lymphocytes from the thymus stimulate antibody production

C) B lymphocytes from the bone marrow stimulate antibody production and T lymphocytes from the thymus stimulate cell mediated immunity.

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cortisol (1 critical role in the respiratory systems of newborn animals)

A

promotes fetal lung maturation & surfactant development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cortisol (2 roles in adult animals)

A

increases glucose metabolism

increases & maintains blood glucose levels

mobilizes amino acids

stimulates fat breakdown in adipose tissue (lipolysis)

response to stress

anti-inflammatory

immunosuppressive

birth process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aldosterone (1 role in affecting blood mineral concentrations)

A

increases blood sodium levels; decreases blood potassium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bile salts (1 role)

A

digestion of fats (emulsification)

elimination of cholesterol

biliary excretion of waste products (bilirubin) via the faeces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cortisol levels are highest in the ?

A

Morning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tyrosine is essential for the production of several hormones. Two essential hormones produced from tyrosine are ?

A

epinephrine, thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) (thyroxine & triiodothyronine), norepinephrine, dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Aldosterone stimulates the activity of the enzyme ?

A

sodium+potassium-dependent ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This deficiency can cause hypothyroidism?

A

Iodine, TSH, thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Secretion of what hormone (give the full name) from the hypothalamus stimulates adrenal cortisol excretion.

A

hormone corticotrophic releasing hormone (CRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Plasma osmoreceptors that control ADH secretion are located in the? .

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Growth hormone has its positive indirect effects on growth by stimulating the production of which hormone in which organ? .

A

IGF-1 (insulin growth factor-1), liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The two hormones that have opposite effects in regulating blood calcium levels are ? They are secreted from the ____ and ____ respectively.

A

calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), thyroid gland, parathyroid gland

Calcitonin - parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland - decrease blood calcium levels Parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland - increases blood calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

HIV/AIDS patients are deficient in which specific immune cell?

A

T-lymphocytes

  • B-lymphocytes - antibody-mediated immunity*
  • T-lymphocytes - cell-mediated immunity (& deficient in HIV-AIDS patients)*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Source and action of gastrin?

A

stomach, HCl secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Bicarbonate (Source and action)?

A

Pancreas or Liver, Neutralizes stomach acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

HCl (Source and action) ?

A

Stomach, Activates pepsinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Lipase (Source, action) ?

A

Pancreas, Fat breakdown to fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Bile (Source, action)?

A

Liver, emulsifies fat droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Glucagon (Source, action) ?

A

Pancrease, Glucogen breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Secretin (source and action) ?

A

Small intestine, Liver & pancreatic bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cholecystokinin (Source and action) ?

A

Small intestine, Bile & pancreatic juice secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The following is not a characteristic of a typical cardiac muscle cell:

a) it is striated

b) it has intercalated disks
c) it is able to contract

d) it is under voluntary control
e) it is under involuntary control

A

d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A delay between contraction of the atria and contraction of the ventricles in ensured by

a) the sinoatrial node delay of action potential transmission

b) the closure of the atrioventricular valves
c) a long refractory period following the cardiac action potential

d) the atrioventricular node delay of action potential transmission.

A

D

39
Q

The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called

A) diastole

B) telophase

C) systole

D) anaphase.

A

C

40
Q

The blood circulation circuit to the lungs is called the

A) systemic circuit

B) renal circuit
C) aortic circuit

D) pulmonary circuit.

A

D

41
Q

Complete the following name : specialized alveolar ‘defence’ cells in the lungs are called pulmonary alveolar

A) lymphocytes

B) macrophages

C) neutrophils
D) plasma cells
E) erythrocytes.

A

B

42
Q

The right atrium receives de-oxygenated blood from

A) two sources, the two pulmonary arteries

B) two sources, the inferior and superior vena cava

C) three sources, the inferior and superior vena cava and the coronary sinus

D) threes sources, the two pulmonary arteries and the coronary sinus.

A

C

43
Q

On a normal ECG tracing

A) the P-wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex ventricular depolarization and the T-wave ventricular repolarization

B) the P-wave represents atrial repolarization, the QRS complex ventricular repolarization and the T-wave ventricular depolarization
C) the P-wave represents ventricular depolarization, the QRS complex atrial repolarization and the T-wave ventricular repolarization.

A

A

44
Q

The respiratory center of the CNS is located in the

A) pons

B) pons and frontal lobe

C) pons and medulla oblongata

D) medulla oblongata and cerebellum.

A

C

45
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is part of the

A) central nervous system

B) autonomic nervous system

C) sympathetic nervous system
D) somatic nervous system.

A

B

46
Q

Afferent neurons carry information in the form of action potentials

A) out of the central nervous system

B) out of the autonomic nervous system
C) from sympathetic ganglia to the peripheral organs

D) from the periphery to the central nervous system.

A

D

47
Q

Of the following, the most complex integration of afferent information can occur in the

A) cerebral hemispheres

B) midbrain
C) spinal cord
D) medulla.

A

A

48
Q

The white blood cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are

A) T-lymphocytes

B) B-lymphocytes

C) macrophages
D) neutrophils.

A

B

49
Q

The secretion of ____ by the adrenal medulla mimics the secretion of ______ by the _________ nervous system.

A

catecholamines (epinephrine / norepinephrine), norepinephrine, sympathetic

50
Q

Bronchioles terminate in grape-like clusters or air sacs known as?

A

alveoli

51
Q

Narrowing of the airways, along with bronchospasms, is a sign of _______ (name one of several possible diseases that have these clinical signs).

A

asthma, COPD, emphysema, heaves, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

52
Q

A genetic defect, especially common in Canada and Scandinavian countries, that causes excessive mucus production that clogs the airways and also is characterized by insufficient alveolar surfactant is called ?

A

cystic fibrosis

53
Q

Name the mammalian red blood cell pigment that carries oxygen

A

haemoglobin, haematin

54
Q

The enzyme that initiates the clotting process is called ______. This is produced by _____

A

thrombokinase, platelets

55
Q

Abnormal haemoglobin due to nitrate poisoning is called _______. The characteristic colour of the blood with this poisoning is _________.

.

A

methaemoglobin, brown

56
Q

The main defence mechanism in the upper respiratory tract is called the ______. This mechanism is aided by the _____ reflex. The defence mechanisms in the lower respiratory tract are cells called _________. (give the full name).

A

muco-ciliary apparatus, cough / sneeze, pulmonary alveolar macrophages

57
Q

A malfunction in the breathing centre in newborn that can result in crib death is called ?

A

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

58
Q

A myocardial infarction that results in interruption of nerve conduction to the left ventricle is called a?

A

left bundle branch block

59
Q

Which of the four heart chambers has the strongest, most developed muscle?

A

Left ventricle

60
Q

Where does this chamber (LV) pump blood to?

A

To the aorta and the entire body except for the pulmonary circulation

61
Q

There are three vascular ‘shunts’ in the fetal circulation that close at birth. Describe the functions in the fetus of:

i) the foramen ovale
ii) the ductus arteriosus
iii) the ductus venosus

A

i) bypasses the lungs by shunting the blood from the right atrium into the left atrium, instead of the right ventricle and hence to the lungs
ii) bypasses the lungs by shunting the blood from the pulmonary artery into the aorta
iii) bypasses the liver by shunting blood from the umbilical vessels into the inferior vena cava and hence directly to the heart

62
Q

Define pulmonary vascular bed and note the chambers of the heart involved

A

the circulation from the right side of the heart (right ventricle) to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries and from the lungs to the left side of the heart (left atrium) via the pulmonary veins; the circulation to and from the lungs (pulmonary system)

63
Q

Define systemic vascular bed and note the chambers of the heart involved

A

the circulation to the body of arterial (oxygenated) via the aorta leaving the left ventricle and returning to the heart (right atrium) as venous (deoxygenated) blood via the inferior and superior vena cavas

64
Q

Describe how ‘bottom up’ contraction of the myocardium works (note the chambers of the heart involved and the nerve system).

A

The Purkinje nerve fibers distribute nervous impulses from the atrioventricular node of the heart such the muscle contractions of both ventricles begin at the bottom or apex or the heart and spread upward towards the tops of the ventricles such that blood is sent from the bottom of the ventricles out the pulmonary arteries and aorta at the top

65
Q

Define internal or cellular respiration versus external respiration.

A

Internal or cellular respiration refers to metabolism a the cellular level involving oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production whereas external respiration refers to gaseous exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere

66
Q

Describe the effects of the nasal passage on inhaled air in defense against respiratory tract infection.

A

The nasal passages warms and humidifies inhaled air by the blood circulation of th nostrils, traps and settles out inhaled particles by the structure of the nasal turbinates and the hairs and mucus in the nasal passage, destroys targeted infectious agents by the immunoglobulins (IgA) produced, and expels inhaled material trapped in the mucus by coughing, sneezing and swallowing

67
Q

Two main types of lymphocytes are involved in active immunity. Give the full name of each type and their immune function. Which type is deficient in HIV-AIDS patient?

A

B-lymphocytes produce plasma cells that are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity; T-lymphocytes and killer T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

HIV-AIDS destroys T-lymphocytes.

68
Q

A delay between contraction of the atria and contraction of the ventricles in ensured by

a) the atrioventricular node
b) the bundle of His
c) the Purkinje fibres of the ventricles
d) the sinoatrial node.

A

A

69
Q

The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called

a) diastole
b) telophase
c) systole
d) anaphase.

A

C

70
Q

The blood circulation circuit to the lungs is called the

a) systemic circuit
b) renal circuit
c) aortic circuit
d) pulmonary circuit.

A

D

71
Q

The left atrium receives blood from

a) two sources, two pulmonary arteries
b) four sources, four pulmonary veins
c) two sources, two pulmonary veins.

A

B

72
Q

The right atrium receives de-oxygenated blood from

a) two sources, the two pulmonary arteries
b) two sources, the inferior and superior vena cava
c) three sources, the inferior and superior vena cava and the coronary sinus
d) threes sources, the two pulmonary arteries and the coronary sinus.

A

C

73
Q

The following cells are phagocytes

a) B-lymphocytes
b) macrophages
c) neutrophils
d) platelets
e) both a) and d)
f) both b) and c)
g) a) and b).

A

F

74
Q

On a normal ECG tracing the QRS complex represents

a) ventricular depolarization
b) ventricular repolarization
c) atrial repolarization
d) the largest deflection on the tracing
e) both a) and d)
f) both b) and d).

A

A

75
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is part of the

a) central nervous system
b) peripheral nervous system
c) motor nervous system
d) autonomic nervous system
e) both a) and c)
f) both b) and d)
g) both c) and d).

A

F

76
Q

The white blood cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are

a) T-lymphocytes
b) B-lymphocytes
c) plasma cells
d) both b) and c)
e) both a) and c).

A

D

77
Q

Platelets initiate clotting by

a) producing the enzyme thrombokinase
b) catalyzing the production of thrombin
c) both a) and b).

A

C

78
Q

Basophils are elevated during

a) inflammatory reactions
b) internal parasite infections
c) external (skin) parasite infections
d) all of the above
e) none of the above.

A

A

79
Q

Neutrophils are

a) increased with chronic infections
b) granulocytes
c) increased during the inflammatory process
d) all of the above
e) both a) and b).

A

D

80
Q

The portal circulation is

a) entirely venous
b) from the intestines to the liver
c) is entirely arterial
d) both a) and b)
e) both a) and c)
f) both b) and c).

A

D

81
Q

The medulla oblongata

a) is important in the maintenance of homeostasis
b) is the centre for emotions
c) plays a role in the control of posture and balance
d) with the pons, contains the respiratory centre
e) is important for reasoning and perception.

A

D

82
Q

the foramen ovale

A

bypasses the non-functional fetal lungs by shunting the oxygenated blood from the placenta through a hole in the heart wall from the right atrium into the left atrium, instead of all the blood entering the right ventricle and hence to the lungs

83
Q

the ductus arteriosus

A

bypasses the non-functional fetal lungs by shunting the oxygenated blood from the placenta as it leaves the right ventricle by the pulmonary artery directly into the aorta rather then to the lungs

84
Q

the ductus venosus.

A

bypasses the fetal liver by shunting blood from the umbilical vessels into the inferior vena cava and hence directly to the heart

85
Q

Define pulmonary vascular bed and note the two chambers of the heart involved in pumping blood to and from the pulmonary system.

A

the circulation from the right side of the heart (right ventricle) to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries and from the lungs to the left side of the heart (left atrium) via the pulmonary veins;

the pulmonary vascular bed is the blood circulation system to and from the lungs that circulates blood in the pulmonary system (lung tissue) for gas exchange (oxygen & carbon dioxide)

86
Q

Define systemic vascular bed and note the two chambers of the heart involved in pumping blood from the heart and the chamber blood returns to.

A

the circulation to the body of arterial (oxygenated) via the aorta leaving the left ventricle and returning to the heart (right atrium) as venous (deoxygenated) blood via the inferior and superior vena cava

the systemic circulation is the blood circulation from the aorta through the body tissue for gas and metabolic exchange

87
Q

Define internal or cellular respiration versus external respiration.

A

Internal or cellular respiration refers to metabolism a the cellular level involving oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production, whereas external respiration refers to gaseous exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere

88
Q

Describe five effects of the nasal passage on inhaled air in defense against respiratory tract infection.

A

The nasal passages warms and humidifies inhaled air by the blood circulation of th nostrils, traps and settles out inhaled particles by the structure of the nasal turbinates and the hairs and mucus in the nasal passage, destroys targeted infectious agents by the immunoglobulins (IgA) produced, and expels inhaled material trapped in the mucus by coughing, sneezing and swallowing

89
Q

Name two blood cells that are routinely checked prior to surgery and one reason for checking the levels of each one.

A

red blood cells to ensure the animal is not anemic white blood cells - elevated - infection or depressed - poor defenses

Platelets - ability to clot

plasma cells - immunity

lymphocytes - depressed immunity

90
Q

The special features of the blood vessels in the brain that limit entry of substances from the blood into the brain is called the

A

blood brain barrier

91
Q

A malfunction in the breathing centre in newborns that can result in crib death is called

A

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

92
Q

The defence mechanisms in the lower respiratory tract are cells called

A

pulmonary alveolar macrophages

93
Q

Bronchioles terminate in grape-like clusters or air sacs known as

A

alveoli

94
Q
A

Mammalian Physiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions