Endocrinology

Question 1

True or false : Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells and thus lowers blood glucose levels

Answer 1

True

Question 2

True or false : Diabetes insipidus is also known as sugar diabetes

Answer 2

False

diabetes mellitus is sugar diabetes; diabetes insipidus is characterized by excessive urination due to a deficiency of ADH; both types of diabetes have in common polyuria and polydipsia

Question 3

True or false : Cardiac output is increased due to stimulation from the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)

Answer 3

False

CO is increased by the SNS (increased rate and force of contraction, decreased by PSNS)

Question 4

True or false : Diabetes insipidus can result from an absolute deficiency of ADH or deficient ADH receptors that cannot bind the hormone

Answer 4

True

Central diabetes insipidus at the level of the hypothalamus and/or posterior pituaitary (deficiancy of ADH) or deficient receptors in the kidneys (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)

Question 5

True or False : Catecholamines will stimulate bronchodilation in stressful situations

Answer 5

True

Stress reaction- bronchodilation increases air flow to the lungs

Question 6

True or False : Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids are all derived from cholesterol

Answer 6

True

Question 7

True or False : Mineralocorticoids are secreted by the adrenal cortical zona glomerulosa

Answer 7

True

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) are from the outer zone (zona glomerulosa), corticosteroids (cortisol) are from the middle zone (zona fasiculata), and androgens are from the inner zone (zona reticularis)

Question 8

True or False : Aldosterone levels increase in response to a decrease in renal blood flow

Answer 8

True

the renin-angiostensin system is activated by a decrease in renal blood flow

Question 9

True or false : both thyroid hormone and catecholamines will increase basal metabolic rate

Answer 9

True

Question 10

True or false : cortisol administration can cause fluid retention because cortisol can have mineralocorticoid effects

Answer 10

True

exogenous cortisol has weak mineralocorticoid activity and will therefore mimic aldosteone action for sodium and water retention

Question 11

True or false : Hypertension is associated with Cushing’s disease

Answer 11

True

Cushing’s disease is hyperadrenocorticism; hypertension results due to sodium and water retention

Question 12

True or false : Lethargy and sensitivity to cold can be signs of hypothyroidism

Answer 12

True

the basal metabolic rate is lower

Question 13

True or false : The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) is said to be a neural extension of the hypothalamus

Answer 13

True

The adrenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) is a true endocrine gland whereas the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) is a neural extension of the hypothalamus

Question 14

True or false : the skin of hypothyroid dogs is often cool and clammy to the touch

Answer 14

True

since a deficiency of thyroid hormone will lower the basal metabolic rate the skin of hypothyroid dogs will feel cool and clammy to the touch

Question 15

True or false : Maternal behaviour is stimulated in new mothers by increased CSF levels of oxytocin

Answer 15

True

oxytocin in cerebrospinal fluid is believed to stimulate maternal behaviour

Question 16

True or false : Another name for ADH is vasopressin

Answer 16

True

ADH is for anti-diuretic characteristics, vasopressin due to vasoconstriction

Question 17

True or false : Somatostatin is a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates growth hormone synthesis and release

Answer 17

False

somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting factor ) secreted by the hypothalamus inhibits GH synthesis and release from the anterior pituitary whereas hypothalamic GH-RH stimulates GH synthesis and release

Question 18

True or false : Chrondrocytes are cartilage cells that stimulate bone growth in response to growth hormone

Answer 18

True

Question 19

True or false : High estrogen levels in late pregnancy stimulate prolactin release from the anterior pituitary

Answer 19

True

There is an estrogen surge near term that stimulates prolactin release in preparation for lactation

Question 20

True or false : Oxytocin in seminal fluid stimulates sperm transport in the female reproductive tract

Answer 20

True

Oxytocin has effects on sperm transport in both male and female

Question 21

True or false : Amylase is secreted in saliva and pancreatic juices for the breakdown of starch

Answer 21

True

Question 22

True or false : the epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing

Answer 22

True

Question 23

True or false : HCl secretion by the stomach is essential for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin

Answer 23

True

Question 24

True or false : The iron released by the breakdown of red blood cells in the body cannot be re-used and must be excreted

Answer 24

False

the one part of the blood that cannot be reused by the body is the heme portion that is converted to bilirubin by the liver (for elimination in bile)

Question 25

True or false : the liver functions as a reservoir for the blood volume of the general circulation

Answer 25

True ## Footnote *storage capacity of up to 10-15% of the total* *blood volume; the liver can eject blood if there is any blood loss*

Question 26

True or false : the portal circulation is entirely venous and transport nutrients from the intestinal tract to the liver

Answer 26

True ## Footnote *Transport of venous blood from the intestinal tract to the liver*

Question 27

True or false : bilirubin is a breakdown product of 'spent' red blood cells and is toxic if not secreted by the liver in bile

Answer 27

True ## Footnote *elevated bilirubin levels occur with liver disease*

Question 28

True or false : the digestive enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin are not harmful if released within the pancreas

Answer 28

False ## Footnote *These enzymes are stored as their inactive forms (trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen) in the pancreas and activated in the small intestine by intestinal enterokinase*

Question 29

True or false : eosinophils are elevated when an animal has a heavy burden of internal parasites

Answer 29

True ## Footnote *An increase in eosinophils (in absolute numbers and in percentage) occurs with heavy parasite burdens and allergic reactions*

Question 30

True or false : Basophils cause the reddening associated with the inflammatory response due to the release of histamines

Answer 30

True

Question 31

An important hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, in addition to thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) is: a) insulin b) parathyroid hormone c) calcitonin d) cortisol e) growth hormone

Answer 31

C

Question 32

Adrenocorticotropic hormone controls the synthesis of: a) glucocorticoids from the adrenal medulla b) glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex c) epinephrine from the adrenal medulla d) mineralocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

Answer 32

B

Question 33

The main function of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is: a) to regulate stress of consiousness b) to ensure rapid delivery of hormone releasing factors to the posterior pituitary c) to allow the liver to rapidly detoxify absorbed substances d) to ensure rapid delivery of hormone relasing factors to the anterior pituitary e) to control blood flow to the hypothamalus

Answer 33

D

Question 34

A hormone not regulated by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus is: a) growth hormone b) thyroid hormone c) follicle stimulating hormone d) insulin e) adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 34

D

Question 35

Which of the following does not influenece blood glucose levels? a) cortisol b) insulin c) calcitonin

Answer 35

C

Question 36

Which of the following does not increase blood glucose levels? a) mobilization of amino acids from extra hepatic tissues b) liver gluconeogenesis c) stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue d) glycogenesis e) glycogenolysis

Answer 36

D ## Footnote *glycogenesis is glycogen formation; all others can result in increased glucose levels*

Question 37

Renin is secreted by the kidneys in response to: a) elevated aldosterone levels b) increased blood pressure c) decreased blood pressure d) decreased aldosterone levels e) low ECF sodium ion levels

Answer 37

C

Question 38

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease) is characterized by a deficiency in two hormones: a) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone b) cortisol and growth hormone c) aldosterone and cortisol d) aldosterone and thyroid hormone e) growth hormone and thyroid hormone

Answer 38

C

Question 39

IGF-1 is synthesized and released by the liver in response to: a) growth hormone b) prolactin c) oxytocin d) thyroid hormone e) ACTH

Answer 39

A

Question 40

Hormone receptors: a) are necessary for hormone action and bind to form a hormone receptor complex b) transmit action potentials inside the cell c) are carried in the blood by large carrier proteins d) play a significant role in phagocytosis

Answer 40

A

Question 41

The function of bicarbonates in the saliva of ruminants is: a) To decrease the pH of rumen contents b) To aid in digestion of cellulose by the rumen microbes c) To act as a nutrient source for rumen bacteria d) To neutralize acids produced by rumen microbes

Answer 41

D

Question 42

Hypothalamic control of prolactin depends on: a) Prolactin negative feedback b) Serotonin c) Dopamine d) Growth hormone e) Progesterone

Answer 42

C ## Footnote *The release of prolactin is inhibited by the hypothalamus by dopamine (prolactin inhibiting hormone) unless the animal is stimulated to lactate; in all other cases hypothalamic hormones are stimulatory (releasing hormones)*

Question 43

The process of digestion requires: a) Mechanical breakdown of food b) Enzymatic breakdown of food c) Absorption through the intestinal wall d) Secretion of enzyme-containing fluids e) A, b, and d f) All of the above

Answer 43

F ## Footnote *Digestion is both the breakdown and absorption of nutrients*

Question 44

Amenorrhea is: a) Excessive and prolonged menstruation b) Cessation of menstrual periods c) Shorter intervals between menstrual periods

Answer 44

B

Question 45

Which statement is correct: a) B lymphocytes form the thymus stimulate cell mediated immunity and T lymphocytes from the bone marrow stimulate antibody production b) B lymphocytes from the bone marrow stimulate cell mediated immunity and t lymphocytes from the thymus stimulate antibody production c) B lymphocytes from the bone marrow stimulate antibody production and T lymphocytes form the thymus stimulate cell mediated immunity

Answer 45

C

Question 46

Briefly describe the major role or roles of cortisol in the respiratory systems of newborn animals

Answer 46

Promotes fetal lung maturation and surfactant development

Question 47

Briefly describe the major role or roles of cortisol in adult mammals

Answer 47

* Increases glucose metabolism * Increases and maintains glucose blood levels * Mobilizes amino acids * Stimulates fat breakdown in adipose tissue (lipolysis) * Response to stress * Anti-inflammatory * Immunosuppressive * Birth process

Question 48

Briefly describe the major role or roles of aldosterone in affecting blood mineral concentrations

Answer 48

Increases blood sodium levels; decreases blood potassium levels

Question 49

Briefly describe the major role or roles bile salts

Answer 49

Digestion of fats (emulsification) Elimination of cholesterol Biliary excretion of waste products (bilirubin) via the faeces

Question 50

Cortisol levels are highest in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 50

morning

Question 51

Tyrosine is essential for the production of several hormones. Two essential hormones produced from tyrosine are __________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 51

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine

Question 52

Aldosterone stimulates the activity of the enzyme \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 52

sodium + potassium- dependent ATPase

Question 53

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ deficiency can cause hypothyroidism

Answer 53

Iodine, TSH, thyroid hormone

Question 54

Secretion of the hormone ____________ from the hypothalamus stimulates adrenal cortisol excretion

Answer 54

corticotrophic releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 55

Plasma osmoreceptors that control ADH secretion are located in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 55

hypothalamus

Question 56

Growth hormone has its positive indirect effects on growth by stimulating the production of the hormone _______ by the \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 56

IGF-1 (insulin growth factor-1), Liver

Question 57

The two hormones that have opposite effects in regulating blood calcium levels are ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. They are secreted from the ___________ and the ______________ respectively.

Answer 57

calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), thyroid gland, and parathyroid gland ## Footnote * Calcitonin- parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland- decrease blood calcium levels* * Parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland- increases blood calcium levels*

Question 58

HIV/AIDS patients are deficient in which specific immune cell?

Answer 58

T- lymphocytes ## Footnote * B-Lymphocytes- antibody mediated immunity* * T-lymphocytes- cell mediated immunity (and deficient in HIV/AIDS patients)*

Question 59

All disease is a manifestation of: a) Tissue injury b) Cell injury c) Nuclear injury d) Organ injury e) Organ system injury

Answer 59

B

Question 60

Na+/K+ ATPase mediated transport of sodium and potassium across cell membranes: a) Does not require energy b) Is active transport c) Required the use of energy in the form of ATP d) Is by exocytosis e) Both B and C f) Both B and D

Answer 60

E

Question 61

An etiologic diagnosis: a) Predicts the future behaviour of the disease b) Names the causative agent c) Names the specific disease or disease process d) Names the lesion e) Is a list of tentative diagnosis

Answer 61

B

Question 62

Physiology is the study of: a) normal body function b) pathological changes in body function c) normal physiology

Answer 62

A

Question 63

A prognosis: a) predicts the future behaviour of the disease or potential outcome b) names the causitive agent c) identifies the specific disease or disease process d) names the lesion e) makes a list of tentative diagnoses

Answer 63

A

Question 64

Endocrinology is best defined as the study of: a) the body's aquired immune system b) the control of body function by the nervous system c) the regulation of body functions by hormones d) criminology

Answer 64

C

Question 65

Changes in protein activity from the inactive state to the active state and vice versa: a) are called allosteric changes b) change the 3D shape of a protien c) alter the rate of cellular biochemical reactions d) all of the above e) none of the above

Answer 65

D

Question 66

A hormone agonist: a) blocks hormone action at a receptor site b) mimics the action of another hormone at a receptor site

Answer 66

B

Question 67

Important hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are: a) cortisol b) parathyroid hormone c) calcitonin d) aldosterone e) androgens f) both A and C g) both A and D h) A, D, and E i) B, C, and D

Answer 67

H

Question 68

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) controls the synthesis and release of: a) cortisol from the adrenal medulla b) cortisol from the adrenal cortex c) epinephrine from the adrenal medulla d) growth hormone from the anterior pituitary

Answer 68

B

Question 69

The main function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is: a) To regulate the states of consciousness b) To ensure rapid delivery of hormone releasing factors to the posterior pituitary c) To allow the liver to rapidly detoxify absorbed substances d) To ensure rapid endocrine delivery of hormone releasing facts to the anterior pituitary e) To control blood flow to the hypothalamus

Answer 69

D

Question 70

An etiologic diagnosis: a) predicts the future behaviour of the disease b) identifies the causative agent c) names the specific disease or disease process d) identifies the lesion e) is a list of tentative diagnoses f) has nothing to do with disease diagnosis, identification, or treatment

Answer 70

B

Question 71

IGF-1 is synthesized and released by the liver in response to a) Growth hormone b) prolactin c) thyroid hormone

Answer 71

A

Question 72

Apoptosis is: a) Programmed cell death b) Cell necrosis c) A normal physiologic process d) Both A and C e) Both A and B

Answer 72

D

Question 73

The renin-angiotensin system stimulates the secretion of the hormone: a) Aldosterone b) Growth hormone c) Cortisol d) Thyroid hormone

Answer 73

A

Question 74

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) is characterized by: a) Hypertension b) Normal blood pressure c) Hypotension

Answer 74

C

Question 75

Which of the following is not a stress response: a) constriction of the bronchioles b) increased heart rate c) pupillary dilation d) increased digestive activity

Answer 75

D

Question 76

Anterior pituitary release of prolactin is inhibited by hypothalamic secretion of: a) serotonin b) progesterone c) growth hormone d) dopamine

Answer 76

D

Question 77

Cortisol secretion: a) increases blood glucose levels b) decreases blood glucose levels c) has no effect on blood glucose levels

Answer 77

A

Question 78

Lung surfactant is deficient in: a) cystic fibrosis b) diabetes mellitus

Answer 78

A

Question 79

The master gland that controls homeostasis in the body is the a) adrenal gland and the hypothalamus b) pancreas and the spleen c) hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary d) anterior pituitary and the thyroid

Answer 79

C

Question 80

The neurotransmitter secreted by the SNS is: a) epineprine b) norepinephrine

Answer 80

B

Question 81

Which of the following is not a homeorrheic process a) pregnancy b) adolescent growth c) lactation d) sleep

Answer 81

D

Question 82

Resting or basal metabolic rate is mainly controlled by a) growth hormone b) thyroid hormone c) cortisol d) aldosterone

Answer 82

B

Question 83

The hormone that turns on the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the kidneys is a) aldosterone b) cortisol c) thyroid hormone

Answer 83

A

Question 84

The SNS is referred to as the: a) fight-flight reaction b) rest-digest reaction

Answer 84

A

Question 85

Homeorrhesis: a) refers to homeostasis maintained around a static body state b) refers to homeostasis maintained around a dramatically changing body state

Answer 85

B

Question 86

Hypothyroidism is characterized by: a) sensitivity to cold, cold skin, plus polyuria, and polydipsia (PU/PD) b) sensitivity to heat, warm skin, and excessive nervousness c) sensitivity to cold, cold skin, and listlessness

Answer 86

C

Question 87

Na+/K+- ATPase mediated transport across cell membranes: a) maintains potassium concentrations higher inside the cell compared to the ECF b) maintains sodium levels higher in the ECF compared to inside the cell c) is essential for cell membrane integrity and the prevention of osmotic damage d) all of the above e) only A and B

Answer 87

D

Question 88

The embryonic origin of the adrenal cortex is dfferent than that of the adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex is derived from: a) the ectoderm of the embryo b) the mesoderm of the embryo c) the endoderm of the embryo

Answer 88

B

Question 89

A morphologic diagnosis: a) names the causative agent b) names the specific disease or disease process c) names the lesion caused by the disease d) is a list of tentative diagnoses

Answer 89

C

Question 90

The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) a) activates the digestive system when we are resting b) inhibits the digestive system when we are resting

Answer 90

A

Question 91

Thyroid hormone: a) is essential for the development of the fetal brain b) requires iodine for its synthesis c) is essential for the maintenance of basal metabolic rate d) warms us up on a cold day e) all of the above f) both A and B only g) A only

Answer 91

E

Question 92

Bile salts are produced by the a) gall bladder b) liver c) pancreas

Answer 92

B

Question 93

Prolonged and excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone by parathyroid gland tumours: a) can cause bones to be brittle and fracture easily b) can cause bones to become markedly thickened due to the excess of calcium uptake

Answer 93

A

Question 94

Hypothalamic releasing hormones control the endocrine release of: a) six different anterior pituitary hormones b) two different posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 94

A

Question 95

Cell membrane gated channels: a) may open in response to hormonal signals b) may open in response to neuronal signals c) perform passive transport d) all of the above e) none of the above

Answer 95

D

Question 96

The Na+/K+ ATPase-pump is essential: a) in the distal tubes of the kidneys for sodium resorption b) for the electrical transmission of nerves impulses c) none of the above d) both A and B

Answer 96

D

Question 97

Oxytocin is released in response to suckling from: a) hypothalamic nerve endings in the anterior pituitary b) hypothalamic nerve endings in the posterior pituitary

Answer 97

B

Question 98

Starch digestion begins when food enters the body due to the action of: a) salivary gland amylases b) pancreatic juices

Answer 98

A

Question 99

Pancreatic juices secreted into the small intestine a) breakdown fats, proteins, and carbohydrates b) digest proteins only

Answer 99

A

Question 100

The caecum in horses: a) digests cellulose b) functions soley as a food storage vat.

Answer 100

A

Question 101

Convulsions and tetany can be caused by: a) hypercalcaemia due to PTH excess b) hypocalcaemia due to PTH deficiency

Answer 101

B

Question 102

Innate immunity is due to: a) the phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages we are born with b) antibodies produced in response to infectious organisms entering the body

Answer 102

A

Question 103

Passive immunity in domestic animals: a) is passed from dam to offspring through the colostrum b) is only passed from dam to offspring across the placenta

Answer 103

A

Question 104

Maintenance of homeostasis is: a) involuntary b) automatic c) voluntary d) controlled by conscious thought e) both A and B f) both C and D

Answer 104

E

Question 105

Passive immunity in domestic animals: a) is passed from dam to offspring through the colostrum b) is passed from dam to offspring accross the placenta

Answer 105

A

Question 106

The blood flowing from the intestines to the liver is: a) entirely arterial b) entirely venous c) both arterial and venous

Answer 106

B

Question 107

The blood flow from the intestines to the liver is called a) the hepatic portal system b) the pulmonary venous system c) the renin-angiotensin system

Answer 107

A

Question 108

"Outside" control of digestion by the CNS: a) has no effect in the digestive process b) is said to integrate or coordinate digective process with the rest of body activity c) is the sole control of digestive processes

Answer 108

B

Question 109

The Na+ K+ ATPase pump transfers three Na+ ions out of the cell for every two K+ ions pumped into the cell.

Answer 109

True

Question 110

Regulated secretion of hormones can be stimulated by endocrine or neural activity.

Answer 110

True

Question 111

Contact-dependent cell signaling requires direct membrane to membrane contact.

Answer 111

True

Question 112

The neuronal and endocrine control of homeostasis is involuntary or automatic.

Answer 112

True

Question 113

The Na+ K+ ATPase pump uses energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP.

Answer 113

True

Question 114

Hormones that bind with an intracellular receptor cause gene transcription of messenger RNA.

Answer 114

True

Question 115

Stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system increases heart and respiratory rates.

Answer 115

True

Question 116

Secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla mimics the action of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).

Answer 116

True

Question 117

Neuronal cell signaling is an electrical event along nerves and a chemical event involving specific chemical neurotransmitters at the nerve endings.

Answer 117

True

Question 118

Passive transport across a cell membrane requires the expenditure of energy.

Answer 118

False

Question 119

Lipid soluble hormones readily diffuse across cell membranes into the cell.

Answer 119

True

Question 120

Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone are secreted by the zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex.

Answer 120

False

Question 121

Lipid soluble hormones readily diffuse across cell membranes into the cell.

Answer 121

True

Question 122

Diabetes mellitus is also known as sugar diabetes.

Answer 122

True

Question 123

Diabetes insipidus can result from an absolute deficiency of ADH secretion by the posterior pituitary.

Answer 123

True

Question 124

The mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex steroids produced by the adrenal cortex are derived from cholesterol.

Answer 124

True

Question 125

Adequate levels of cortisol at birth are essential for the production of surfactant in the fetal lung.

Answer 125

True

Question 126

Excessive and prolonged cortisol administration will cause fluid retention and tissue edema since cortisol mimics the effects of aldosterone.

Answer 126

True

Question 127

The posterior pituitary contains nerve terminals of nerves from the hypothalamus

Answer 127

True

Question 128

PU/PD (polyuria/polydipsia) is associated with hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Disease), diabetes mellitus, and diabetes insipidus.

Answer 128

False

Question 129

Anxiety, nervousness and sensitivity to heat can be signs of hyperthyroidism due to an increased metabolic rate.

Answer 129

True

Question 130

BST® (Monsanto) is bovine growth hormone or somatotropin and is currently in use in at least one-third of all lactating dairy cows in the U.S.A. at any one time.

Answer 130

True

Question 131

Uterine contractions are stimulated by oxytocin binding to oxytocin receptors in uterine muscle sensitized by the high levels of estrogen that occur at the end of pregnancy.

Answer 131

True

Question 132

Another name for ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is vasopressin since it causes vasoconstriction

Answer 132

True

Question 133

Excessive growth hormone production in adolescents can cause giantism.

Answer 133

True

Question 134

The active form of vitamin D produced in the kidneys due to stimulation from parathyroid hormone is important for the intestinal absorption of calcium.

Answer 134

True

Question 135

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is stimulated in response to osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. These receptors are more sensitive than the thirst centre to plasma changes in sodium chloride concentrations.

Answer 135

True

Question 136

Calcitonin from the thyroid gland increases the release of calcium from bone.

Answer 136

False

Question 137

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion by the stomach begins protein digestion.

Answer 137

True

Question 138

Venous blood flow from the intestinal tract passes through the liver before entering the general circulation through the caudal vena cava.

Answer 138

True

Question 139

Hormonal communication between nearby cells in the ECF is called endocrine cell signaling.

Answer 139

False

Question 140

Delayed development of the fetal brain can be caused by thyroid hormone deficiency resulting from maternal and fetal iodine deficiency.

Answer 140

True

Question 141

Homeostasis is primarily controlled by a system of positive feedback.

Answer 141

False

Question 142

B-lymphocytes (B-cells) are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity.

Answer 142

True

Question 143

The enteric nervous system has effects upon intestinal peristalsis and secretion.

Answer 143

True

Question 144

Cortisol stimulates lipolysis and hence the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Answer 144

True

Question 145

Kupffer’s cells are lymphoid cells in the liver.

Answer 145

True

Question 146

Peyer’s Patches are lymphoid follicles in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 146

True

Question 147

The neuronal or hormone signaled exocytosis of chemicals stored in intracellular vesicles is called constitutive secretion.

Answer 147

False

Question 148

Lipophilic steroid hormones readily diffuse across cell membranes and exert their biological effect by modulating gene expression.

Answer 148

True

Question 149

Lipophilic means the compound is soluble in lipids.

Answer 149

True

Question 150

Cortisol has potent anti-inflammatory effects and is often used to suppress the irritation due to dermatitis.

Answer 150

True

Question 151

The actions of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is called “Rest and Digest”.

Answer 151

False

Question 152

The two catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla are norepinephrine and epinephrine, also called noradrenaline and adrenaline.

Answer 152

True

Question 153

Calcitonin has the opposite effects as parathyroid hormone on blood calcium levels.

Answer 153

True

Question 154

White blood cells live an average of 90 to 140 days before they are replaced.

Answer 154

False

Question 155

Low blood volume is a stimulus for aldosterone secretion.

Answer 155

True

Question 156

Active transport is against a concentration gradient.

Answer 156

True

Question 157

The binding of a hormone to a cell surface receptor stimulates a biological event through the action of a second messenger, an enzyme that is activated

Answer 157

True

Question 158

Regulated secretion of hormones means that the hormones are stored and only released when needed.

Answer 158

True

Question 159

Hypotension due to aldosterone deficiency is more likely to be fatal than hypertension due to cortisol excess

Answer 159

True

Question 160

In the study of pathology, all disease is a manifestation of: A) tissue injury B) cell injury C) nuclear injury D) organ injury E) organ system injury.

Answer 160

B

Question 161

Channel-mediated transport across cell membranes is A) by endocytosis B) passive C) active D) by exocytosis.

Answer 161

B

Question 162

An etiologic diagnosis identifies: A) the future behaviour of the disease B) the causative agent C) the specific disease or disease process D) the lesion E) a list of tentative diagnoses.

Answer 162

B

Question 163

The site to which a hormone binds on a cell surface is called a A) receptor B) target cell C) polypeptide chain molecule D) ligand.

Answer 163

A

Question 164

A prognosis identifies: A) the future behaviour of the disease B) the causative agent C) the specific disease or disease process D) the lesion E) a list of tentative diagnoses.

Answer 164

A

Question 165

Endocrinology is best defined as the study of A) the body’s natural immune system B) the nervous system control of body function C) the hormonal regulation of body function D) the circulatory system.

Answer 165

C

Question 166

Allosteric changes: A) change the receptor-binding properties of proteins B) change the three dimensional shape of a protein C) change protein activity D) all of the above E) none of the above.

Answer 166

D

Question 167

A hormone agonist A) blocks hormone action at a receptor site B) mimics the action of another hormone at a receptor site C) could have a different potency than the original hormone at the receptor site D) B and C E) A and C

Answer 167

D

Question 168

An important hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex is A) insulin B) parathyroid hormone C) calcitonin D) cortisol E) growth hormone.

Answer 168

D

Question 169

Adrenocorticotropic hormone controls the synthesis and release of A) cortisol from the adrenal medulla B) cortisol from the adrenal cortex C) epinephrine from the adrenal medulla D) growth hormone from the adrenal cortex.

Answer 169

B

Question 170

The main function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is A) to regulate states of consciousness B) to ensure rapid delivery of hormone releasing factors to the posterior pituitary C) to allow the liver to rapidly detoxify absorbed substances D) to ensure rapid delivery of hormone releasing factors to the anterior pituitary E) to control blood flow to the hypothalamus.

Answer 170

D

Question 171

A protease that coagulates milk in the stomach is A) cholecystokinin B) chymosin C) gastrin D) renin. E) both B and D.

Answer 171

B

Question 172

IGF-1 is synthesized and released by the liver in response to A) calcitonin B) prolactin C) oxytocin D) growth hormone E) thyroid hormone.

Answer 172

D

Question 173

Lipophilic substances are A) lipid soluble B) water soluble C) readily diffuse cross the cell membrane D) cannot diffuse across cell membranes E) A and C F) A and D.

Answer 173

E

Question 174

The renin-angiotensin system is activated in response to A) elevated aldosterone levels B) increased blood volume C) decreased blood volume D) decreased aldosterone levels E) high blood sodium ion levels.

Answer 174

C

Question 175

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) is characterized by A) hypertension B) normal blood pressure C) increased blood aldosterone levels D) hypotension. E) growth hormone and thyroid hormone.

Answer 175

D

Question 176

Which of the following is not a stress response? A) bronchiolar dilation B) increased heart rate C) pupillary dilation D) increased digestive activity E) increased blood cortisol levels.

Answer 176

D

Question 177

The function of bicarbonate secreted by stomach mucus cells is to A) protect the stomach wall from auto-digestion B) aid in the digestion of proteins C) protect stomach bacteria from stomach acid D) lessen the acid load entering the duodenum.

Answer 177

A

Question 178

Anterior pituitary release of prolactin is inhibited by hypothalamic secretion of A) serotonin B) progesterone C) growth hormone D) dopamine.

Answer 178

D

Question 179

Galactorrhea is A) excessive or spontaneous flow of milk B) cessation of the menstrual period C) hypogonadism.

Answer 179

A

Question 180

The process of digestion requires A) mechanical breakdown of food B) enzymatic breakdown of food C) absorption through the intestinal wall D) the production of chyme E) A and B F) A, B and C G) all of the above.

Answer 180

G

Question 181

Which of the following hormones influences blood glucose levels? A) pepsin B) parathyroid hormone C) calcitonin D) cortisol.

Answer 181

D

Question 182

Which of the following is not a homeorrheic process? A) pregnancy B) adolescent growth C) sleep D) lactation.

Answer 182

C

Question 183

Basal metabolic rate is mainly controlled by A) growth hormone B) thyroid hormone C) cortisol D) aldosterone.

Answer 183

B

Question 184

The hormone that stimulates the Na+ K+ ATPase-dependent pump in the kidneys is A) aldosterone B) cortisol C) prolactin D) thyroid hormone E) growth hormone.

Answer 184

A

Question 185

The Na+ K+ ATPase pump pumps three Na+ ions into the cell for every two K+ ions pumped out of the cell.

Answer 185

False ## Footnote *This energy driven pump exchanges 3 sodium ions out of the cell for every 3 potassium ions pumped into the cell*

Question 186

Electrically-charged particles readily diffuse across cell membranes

Answer 186

False ## Footnote *The selective permeability of the cell membrane excludes charge particles*

Question 187

Contact-dependent cell signaling requires intact cell tight junctions.

Answer 187

True

Question 188

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Answer 188

True

Question 189

The Na+ K+ ATPase pump supplies energy to cells through the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP plus an inorganic phosphate ion.

Answer 189

True

Question 190

Binding of a hormone with a cell surface receptor causes intracellular gene transcription.

Answer 190

False ## Footnote *Cell surface receptors stimulate enzyme action upon biological processes within a cell whereas gene transcription is stimulate by intracellular receptors*

Question 191

Stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system lowers heart rate and blood pressure.

Answer 191

False ## Footnote * The sympathetic nervous system increases HR and BP during a stress response (the fight or flight response)* * *

Question 192

Secretion of catecholamines by the adrenal medulla mimics the action of the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 192

True

Question 193

Neuronal cell signaling is an electrical event along nerves and a chemical event involving neurotransmitters at the nerve endings.

Answer 193

True

Question 194

Active transport across a cell membrane does not require the expenditure of energy.

Answer 194

False ## Footnote *Active transport across a cell membrane requires energy (‘active’) in the form of ATP*

Question 195

Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells and thereby increases blood glucose levels.

Answer 195

False ## Footnote *Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells (facilitates glucose transport through cell membranes) and in doing so will lower blood glucose levels*

Question 196

Diabetes insipidus is also known as water diabetes

Answer 196

True

Question 197

Diabetes insipidus can result from an absolute deficiency of ADH secretion by the posterior pituitary.

Answer 197

True

Question 198

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system is said to “burn” energy.

Answer 198

True

Question 199

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex steroids are all derived from cholesterol.

Answer 199

True

Question 200

Glucocorticoids are secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.

Answer 200

False ## Footnote * Glucocorticoids (cortisol) are secreted by the zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex and mineralocortcoids (aldosterone) are secreted by the adrenal zona glomerulosa* * *

Question 201

Adequate levels of cortisol are essential for the production of surfactant in the fetal lung.

Answer 201

True

Question 202

Cortisol levels are highest in the morning.

Answer 202

True

Question 203

Excessive and prolonged cortisol administration can cause fluid retention and edema.

Answer 203

True

Question 204

PU/PD is associated with Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism) and diabetes.

Answer 204

True

Question 205

Anxiety and sensitivity to heat can be signs of hyperthyroidism.

Answer 205

True

Question 206

The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) contains the nerve endings of nerves from the hypothalamus.

Answer 206

True

Question 207

BST is bovine growth hormone and is in use in at least one-third of all U.S. dairy cows at any one time.

Answer 207

True

Question 208

Uterine contractions are stimulated by oxytocin binding to oxytocin receptors in uterine muscle sensitized by high levels of estrogens at the end of pregnancy.

Answer 208

True

Question 209

Another name for vasopressin is ADH since it prevents diuresis.

Answer 209

True

Question 210

Somatostatin is a hypothalamic hormone that suppresses growth hormone synthesis and release from the anterior pituitary.

Answer 210

True

Question 211

Excessive growth hormone production in adults can cause acromegaly.

Answer 211

True

Question 212

Vitamin D is important for the intestinal absorption of calcium.

Answer 212

True

Question 213

ADH secretion is stimulated in response to osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.

Answer 213

True

Question 214

Gastrin stimulates stomach acid secretion in response to stomach distension.

Answer 214

True

Question 215

HCL secretion by the stomach is essential for the conversion of inactive pepsinogen to active pepsin.

Answer 215

True

Question 216

Secretin from the small intestine stimulates pancreatic and liver bicarbonate secretion.

Answer 216

True

Question 217

The liver functions as a reservoir for the blood volume of the general circulation.

Answer 217

True

Question 218

Venous blood flow from the intestinal tract passes through the liver before entering the general circulation.

Answer 218

True

Question 219

Bilirubin is a breakdown product of ‘spent’ red blood cells and is secreted by the liver in bile.

Answer 219

True

Question 220

The digestive enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin are not harmful if released within the pancreas.

Answer 220

False ## Footnote *The inactive precusors trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen are stored in the pancreas; they are activated by an enzyme in the small intestine; the active compounds, trypsin and chymotrypsin, will auto digest the pancreas if they are released there (i.e. in pancreatic disease)*

Question 221

Apoptosis is cell death due to disease processes

Answer 221

False ## Footnote * Apoptosis is normal or programmed cell death that occurs on a regular basis; necrosis is cell death due to disease processes* * *

Question 222

Hormonal communication between cells in close contact is called autocrine cell signaling.

Answer 222

False ## Footnote *Cell signaling between adjacent cells is called contact-dependent signaling or direct contact signaling; autocrine cell signaling is signaling by hormones on the same cell that produced it (‘auto’ or self)*

Question 223

Cretinism due to thyroid hormone deficiency can be caused by maternal iodine deficiency.

Answer 223

True

Question 224

Enteric nerves in the intestinal myenteric plexus regulate intestinal blood flow.

Answer 224

False ## Footnote *Enteric nerves in the myenteric plexus contact intestinal motility (intestinal smooth muscle contractions or peristalsis); nerves in the submucosal plexus control blood flow*

Question 225

Homeostasis is primarily controlled by a system of positive feedback.

Answer 225

False ## Footnote *The main control of homeostasis is by negative feedback*

Question 226

The extrinsic parasympathetic nervous system stimulates digestive processes.

Answer 226

True

Question 227

The largest endocrine organ system in the body is the thyroid gland.

Answer 227

False ## Footnote *The largest endocrine organ system in the body is the gastrointestinal tract*

Question 228

T-lymphocytes are responsible for cell mediated immunity (CMI).

Answer 228

True

Question 229

Insulin stimulates liver glycogen breakdown.

Answer 229

False ## Footnote *Insulin facilitates glucose uptake by many cells in the body and stimulates glycogenesis (glycogen synthesis); glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown) is stimulated by epinephrine (adrenalin) and glucagon*

Question 230

paracrine signaling

Answer 230

hormonal action on cells in the immediate environment, in the surrounding ECF

Question 231

physiology

Answer 231

the study of body function

Question 232

endocrinology

Answer 232

the study of hormone action, their receptors, their release and their regulation of body function

Question 233

hormone

Answer 233

chemical messengers transported by the blood stream or other means to receptors which have a specific effect on body function

Question 234

hormone antagonist

Answer 234

a hormone or other compound that blocks the effect of a specific hormone at its receptor site and prevents the action of that hormone

Question 235

neurotransmitter

Answer 235

a chemical substance released from the axon terminal or nerve ending to stimulate or inhibit a target cell or other nerve, such that it ‘transmits’ the nerve impulse across the nerve synapse

Question 236

morphologic diagnosis

Answer 236

a diagnosis of the disease or pathological state based on the morphologic or structural change

Question 237

exocytosis

Answer 237

‘export’; the discharge or excretion of a substance from a cell by fusion of a vesicle containing that substance with the cell membrane, thereby releasing the contents into the ECF or nearby environment

Question 238

endocytosis

Answer 238

‘import’; the budding in to bring a substance into a cell; the uptake of material from outside by invagination of the cell membrane

Question 239

glucagon.

Answer 239

a hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to hypoglycemia or growth hormone (GH) to increase blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis in the liver (breakdown of glycogen)

Question 240

Homeostasis OR homeorrhesis.

Answer 240

The physiological process by which the internal body systems are maintained at equilibrium or a steady state despite external environmental conditions (such as blood pressure, body temperature, acid-base balance); a tendency to stability in normal body states the tendency to maintain stability or a steady body state in spite of an extreme physiological process such as growth, pregnancy or lactation, tending to divert it

Question 241

One difference between constitutive and regulated hormone secretion.

Answer 241

no storage of the hormone in storage vesicles, released as it is produced constitutive hormone secretion means the hormone is released as it is produced whereas regulated hormone secretion means the hormone is stored in vesicles beforehand and these vesicles release their contents as stimulated by signals from the nervous system (neurotransmitters) or by other hormones

Question 242

The source of bile and its principal action in the small intestine

Answer 242

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder; it is released in response to a meal containing lipids and emulsifies fat droplets for further breakdown by lipases

Question 243

Endocrine signaling

Answer 243

Hormonal signaling by the secretion of hormones into the blood stream; the blood carries the chemical messengers to their target to signal some bodily cellular or physiological function

Question 244

Physiology

Answer 244

the study of normal body functioning

Question 245

Hormone

Answer 245

A chemical messenger that influences, stimulates or alters bodily (cellular) function

Question 246

Apoptosis

Answer 246

Normal, programmed cell death in the body

Question 247

Negative feedback

Answer 247

Output inhibits release; the levels of hormone produced feedback to inhibit further production

Question 248

Homeostasis:

Answer 248

Maintenance of a constant internal environment or steady state; the ability to control or fluctuations or maintain the body environment at equilibrium or at a steady state

Question 249

Two examples of homeorrhetic processes are:

Answer 249

lactation, pregnancy, growth, puberty disease states, diabetes

Question 250

Homeostasis is mainly controlled by a system of:

Answer 250

negative feedback

Question 251

Many soluble proteins are continually secreted from cells as they are produced (there is no storage); this unregulated membrane secretion is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_secretion. Some proteins, once assembled, are stored in vesicles and secreted only when there is an extracellular signal to do so; this is called\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ secretion

Answer 251

constitutive, regulated

Question 252

Proteins were described as having five major functions. Three of these functions are:

Answer 252

structural building blocks; enzymes; hormone receptors; hormones (chemical messengers); transport across cell membranes; couple biochemical reactions (‘linkers’)

Question 253

Substances will try to diffuse from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration; this tendency is called the ___________ force.

Answer 253

diffusion

Question 254

At the hormone-binding site of receptors agonists \_\_\_\_\_the post-receptor event whereas antagonists ___ the post-receptor event

Answer 254

induce (mimic), block (inhibit)

Question 255

Intracellular vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their substances to the outside of the cell; this process is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Substances can be moved from the outside of the cell into the cytoplasm in vesicles that are pinched off from the cell membrane; this process is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 255

exocytosis, endocytosis

Question 256

Communication between one neuron and another can be described as an _______ event, whereas hormone signaling is best described as a\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ event

Answer 256

electrochemical, chemical

Question 257

The ‘fight’ or ‘take flight’ response is controlled by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_nervous system. This response _____ energy. The neurotransmitter released at most of the postganglionic synapses in this system is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. ‘Rest and digest’ is associated with activation of the _______ nervous system ). This response _______ energy.

Answer 257

sympathetic, burns, norepinephrine, parasympathetic, saves