Endocrinology Flashcards
True or false : Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells and thus lowers blood glucose levels
True
True or false : Diabetes insipidus is also known as sugar diabetes
False
diabetes mellitus is sugar diabetes; diabetes insipidus is characterized by excessive urination due to a deficiency of ADH; both types of diabetes have in common polyuria and polydipsia
True or false : Cardiac output is increased due to stimulation from the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)
False
CO is increased by the SNS (increased rate and force of contraction, decreased by PSNS)
True or false : Diabetes insipidus can result from an absolute deficiency of ADH or deficient ADH receptors that cannot bind the hormone
True
Central diabetes insipidus at the level of the hypothalamus and/or posterior pituaitary (deficiancy of ADH) or deficient receptors in the kidneys (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)
True or False : Catecholamines will stimulate bronchodilation in stressful situations
True
Stress reaction- bronchodilation increases air flow to the lungs
True or False : Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids are all derived from cholesterol
True
True or False : Mineralocorticoids are secreted by the adrenal cortical zona glomerulosa
True
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) are from the outer zone (zona glomerulosa), corticosteroids (cortisol) are from the middle zone (zona fasiculata), and androgens are from the inner zone (zona reticularis)
True or False : Aldosterone levels increase in response to a decrease in renal blood flow
True
the renin-angiostensin system is activated by a decrease in renal blood flow
True or false : both thyroid hormone and catecholamines will increase basal metabolic rate
True
True or false : cortisol administration can cause fluid retention because cortisol can have mineralocorticoid effects
True
exogenous cortisol has weak mineralocorticoid activity and will therefore mimic aldosteone action for sodium and water retention
True or false : Hypertension is associated with Cushing’s disease
True
Cushing’s disease is hyperadrenocorticism; hypertension results due to sodium and water retention
True or false : Lethargy and sensitivity to cold can be signs of hypothyroidism
True
the basal metabolic rate is lower
True or false : The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) is said to be a neural extension of the hypothalamus
True
The adrenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) is a true endocrine gland whereas the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) is a neural extension of the hypothalamus
True or false : the skin of hypothyroid dogs is often cool and clammy to the touch
True
since a deficiency of thyroid hormone will lower the basal metabolic rate the skin of hypothyroid dogs will feel cool and clammy to the touch
True or false : Maternal behaviour is stimulated in new mothers by increased CSF levels of oxytocin
True
oxytocin in cerebrospinal fluid is believed to stimulate maternal behaviour
True or false : Another name for ADH is vasopressin
True
ADH is for anti-diuretic characteristics, vasopressin due to vasoconstriction
True or false : Somatostatin is a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates growth hormone synthesis and release
False
somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting factor ) secreted by the hypothalamus inhibits GH synthesis and release from the anterior pituitary whereas hypothalamic GH-RH stimulates GH synthesis and release
True or false : Chrondrocytes are cartilage cells that stimulate bone growth in response to growth hormone
True
True or false : High estrogen levels in late pregnancy stimulate prolactin release from the anterior pituitary
True
There is an estrogen surge near term that stimulates prolactin release in preparation for lactation
True or false : Oxytocin in seminal fluid stimulates sperm transport in the female reproductive tract
True
Oxytocin has effects on sperm transport in both male and female
True or false : Amylase is secreted in saliva and pancreatic juices for the breakdown of starch
True
True or false : the epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing
True
True or false : HCl secretion by the stomach is essential for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin
True
True or false : The iron released by the breakdown of red blood cells in the body cannot be re-used and must be excreted
False
the one part of the blood that cannot be reused by the body is the heme portion that is converted to bilirubin by the liver (for elimination in bile)
True or false : the liver functions as a reservoir for the blood volume of the general circulation
True
storage capacity of up to 10-15% of the total blood volume; the liver can eject blood if there is any blood loss
True or false : the portal circulation is entirely venous and transport nutrients from the intestinal tract to the liver
True
Transport of venous blood from the intestinal tract to the liver
True or false : bilirubin is a breakdown product of ‘spent’ red blood cells and is toxic if not secreted by the liver in bile
True
elevated bilirubin levels occur with liver disease
True or false : the digestive enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin are not harmful if released within the pancreas
False
These enzymes are stored as their inactive forms (trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen) in the pancreas and activated in the small intestine by intestinal enterokinase
True or false : eosinophils are elevated when an animal has a heavy burden of internal parasites
True
An increase in eosinophils (in absolute numbers and in percentage) occurs with heavy parasite burdens and allergic reactions
True or false : Basophils cause the reddening associated with the inflammatory response due to the release of histamines
True
An important hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, in addition to thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) is:
a) insulin
b) parathyroid hormone
c) calcitonin
d) cortisol
e) growth hormone
C
Adrenocorticotropic hormone controls the synthesis of:
a) glucocorticoids from the adrenal medulla
b) glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex
c) epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
d) mineralocorticoids from the adrenal cortex
B
The main function of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is:
a) to regulate stress of consiousness
b) to ensure rapid delivery of hormone releasing factors to the posterior pituitary
c) to allow the liver to rapidly detoxify absorbed substances
d) to ensure rapid delivery of hormone relasing factors to the anterior pituitary
e) to control blood flow to the hypothamalus
D
A hormone not regulated by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus is:
a) growth hormone
b) thyroid hormone
c) follicle stimulating hormone
d) insulin
e) adrenocorticotropic hormone
D
Which of the following does not influenece blood glucose levels?
a) cortisol
b) insulin
c) calcitonin
C
Which of the following does not increase blood glucose levels?
a) mobilization of amino acids from extra hepatic tissues
b) liver gluconeogenesis
c) stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue
d) glycogenesis
e) glycogenolysis
D
glycogenesis is glycogen formation; all others can result in increased glucose levels
Renin is secreted by the kidneys in response to:
a) elevated aldosterone levels
b) increased blood pressure
c) decreased blood pressure
d) decreased aldosterone levels
e) low ECF sodium ion levels
C
Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) is characterized by a deficiency in two hormones:
a) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
b) cortisol and growth hormone
c) aldosterone and cortisol
d) aldosterone and thyroid hormone
e) growth hormone and thyroid hormone
C
IGF-1 is synthesized and released by the liver in response to:
a) growth hormone
b) prolactin
c) oxytocin
d) thyroid hormone
e) ACTH
A
Hormone receptors:
a) are necessary for hormone action and bind to form a hormone receptor complex
b) transmit action potentials inside the cell
c) are carried in the blood by large carrier proteins
d) play a significant role in phagocytosis
A
The function of bicarbonates in the saliva of ruminants is:
a) To decrease the pH of rumen contents
b) To aid in digestion of cellulose by the rumen microbes
c) To act as a nutrient source for rumen bacteria
d) To neutralize acids produced by rumen microbes
D
Hypothalamic control of prolactin depends on:
a) Prolactin negative feedback
b) Serotonin
c) Dopamine
d) Growth hormone
e) Progesterone
C
The release of prolactin is inhibited by the hypothalamus by dopamine (prolactin inhibiting hormone) unless the animal is stimulated to lactate; in all other cases hypothalamic hormones are stimulatory (releasing hormones)
The process of digestion requires:
a) Mechanical breakdown of food
b) Enzymatic breakdown of food
c) Absorption through the intestinal wall
d) Secretion of enzyme-containing fluids
e) A, b, and d
f) All of the above
F
Digestion is both the breakdown and absorption of nutrients
Amenorrhea is:
a) Excessive and prolonged menstruation
b) Cessation of menstrual periods
c) Shorter intervals between menstrual periods
B
Which statement is correct:
a) B lymphocytes form the thymus stimulate cell mediated immunity and T lymphocytes from the bone marrow stimulate antibody production
b) B lymphocytes from the bone marrow stimulate cell mediated immunity and t lymphocytes from the thymus stimulate antibody production
c) B lymphocytes from the bone marrow stimulate antibody production and T lymphocytes form the thymus stimulate cell mediated immunity
C
Briefly describe the major role or roles of cortisol in the respiratory systems of newborn animals
Promotes fetal lung maturation and surfactant development
Briefly describe the major role or roles of cortisol in adult mammals
- Increases glucose metabolism
- Increases and maintains glucose blood levels
- Mobilizes amino acids
- Stimulates fat breakdown in adipose tissue (lipolysis)
- Response to stress
- Anti-inflammatory
- Immunosuppressive
- Birth process
Briefly describe the major role or roles of aldosterone in affecting blood mineral concentrations
Increases blood sodium levels; decreases blood potassium levels
Briefly describe the major role or roles bile salts
Digestion of fats (emulsification)
Elimination of cholesterol
Biliary excretion of waste products (bilirubin) via the faeces
Cortisol levels are highest in the ___________________
morning
Tyrosine is essential for the production of several hormones. Two essential hormones produced from tyrosine are __________ and __________
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine
Aldosterone stimulates the activity of the enzyme _________________
sodium + potassium- dependent ATPase
_____________________ deficiency can cause hypothyroidism
Iodine, TSH, thyroid hormone
Secretion of the hormone ____________ from the hypothalamus stimulates adrenal cortisol excretion
corticotrophic releasing hormone (CRH)
Plasma osmoreceptors that control ADH secretion are located in the _______________
hypothalamus
Growth hormone has its positive indirect effects on growth by stimulating the production of the hormone _______ by the ______
IGF-1 (insulin growth factor-1), Liver
The two hormones that have opposite effects in regulating blood calcium levels are ______ and _________. They are secreted from the ___________ and the ______________ respectively.
calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), thyroid gland, and parathyroid gland
- Calcitonin- parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland- decrease blood calcium levels*
- Parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland- increases blood calcium levels*
HIV/AIDS patients are deficient in which specific immune cell?
T- lymphocytes
- B-Lymphocytes- antibody mediated immunity*
- T-lymphocytes- cell mediated immunity (and deficient in HIV/AIDS patients)*
All disease is a manifestation of:
a) Tissue injury
b) Cell injury
c) Nuclear injury
d) Organ injury
e) Organ system injury
B
Na+/K+ ATPase mediated transport of sodium and potassium across cell membranes:
a) Does not require energy
b) Is active transport
c) Required the use of energy in the form of ATP
d) Is by exocytosis
e) Both B and C
f) Both B and D
E
An etiologic diagnosis:
a) Predicts the future behaviour of the disease
b) Names the causative agent
c) Names the specific disease or disease process
d) Names the lesion
e) Is a list of tentative diagnosis
B
Physiology is the study of:
a) normal body function
b) pathological changes in body function
c) normal physiology
A
A prognosis:
a) predicts the future behaviour of the disease or potential outcome
b) names the causitive agent
c) identifies the specific disease or disease process
d) names the lesion
e) makes a list of tentative diagnoses
A
Endocrinology is best defined as the study of:
a) the body’s aquired immune system
b) the control of body function by the nervous system
c) the regulation of body functions by hormones
d) criminology
C
Changes in protein activity from the inactive state to the active state and vice versa:
a) are called allosteric changes
b) change the 3D shape of a protien
c) alter the rate of cellular biochemical reactions
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
D
A hormone agonist:
a) blocks hormone action at a receptor site
b) mimics the action of another hormone at a receptor site
B
Important hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are:
a) cortisol
b) parathyroid hormone
c) calcitonin
d) aldosterone
e) androgens
f) both A and C
g) both A and D
h) A, D, and E
i) B, C, and D
H
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) controls the synthesis and release of:
a) cortisol from the adrenal medulla
b) cortisol from the adrenal cortex
c) epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
d) growth hormone from the anterior pituitary
B
The main function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is:
a) To regulate the states of consciousness
b) To ensure rapid delivery of hormone releasing factors to the posterior pituitary
c) To allow the liver to rapidly detoxify absorbed substances
d) To ensure rapid endocrine delivery of hormone releasing facts to the anterior pituitary
e) To control blood flow to the hypothalamus
D
An etiologic diagnosis:
a) predicts the future behaviour of the disease
b) identifies the causative agent
c) names the specific disease or disease process
d) identifies the lesion
e) is a list of tentative diagnoses
f) has nothing to do with disease diagnosis, identification, or treatment
B
IGF-1 is synthesized and released by the liver in response to
a) Growth hormone
b) prolactin
c) thyroid hormone
A
Apoptosis is:
a) Programmed cell death
b) Cell necrosis
c) A normal physiologic process
d) Both A and C
e) Both A and B
D
The renin-angiotensin system stimulates the secretion of the hormone:
a) Aldosterone
b) Growth hormone
c) Cortisol
d) Thyroid hormone
A
Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) is characterized by:
a) Hypertension
b) Normal blood pressure
c) Hypotension
C
Which of the following is not a stress response:
a) constriction of the bronchioles
b) increased heart rate
c) pupillary dilation
d) increased digestive activity
D
Anterior pituitary release of prolactin is inhibited by hypothalamic secretion of:
a) serotonin
b) progesterone
c) growth hormone
d) dopamine
D
Cortisol secretion:
a) increases blood glucose levels
b) decreases blood glucose levels
c) has no effect on blood glucose levels
A
Lung surfactant is deficient in:
a) cystic fibrosis
b) diabetes mellitus
A
The master gland that controls homeostasis in the body is the
a) adrenal gland and the hypothalamus
b) pancreas and the spleen
c) hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
d) anterior pituitary and the thyroid
C
The neurotransmitter secreted by the SNS is:
a) epineprine
b) norepinephrine
B
Which of the following is not a homeorrheic process
a) pregnancy
b) adolescent growth
c) lactation
d) sleep
D
Resting or basal metabolic rate is mainly controlled by
a) growth hormone
b) thyroid hormone
c) cortisol
d) aldosterone
B
The hormone that turns on the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the kidneys is
a) aldosterone
b) cortisol
c) thyroid hormone
A
The SNS is referred to as the:
a) fight-flight reaction
b) rest-digest reaction
A
Homeorrhesis:
a) refers to homeostasis maintained around a static body state
b) refers to homeostasis maintained around a dramatically changing body state
B
Hypothyroidism is characterized by:
a) sensitivity to cold, cold skin, plus polyuria, and polydipsia (PU/PD)
b) sensitivity to heat, warm skin, and excessive nervousness
c) sensitivity to cold, cold skin, and listlessness
C
Na+/K+- ATPase mediated transport across cell membranes:
a) maintains potassium concentrations higher inside the cell compared to the ECF
b) maintains sodium levels higher in the ECF compared to inside the cell
c) is essential for cell membrane integrity and the prevention of osmotic damage
d) all of the above
e) only A and B
D
The embryonic origin of the adrenal cortex is dfferent than that of the adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex is derived from:
a) the ectoderm of the embryo
b) the mesoderm of the embryo
c) the endoderm of the embryo
B
A morphologic diagnosis:
a) names the causative agent
b) names the specific disease or disease process
c) names the lesion caused by the disease
d) is a list of tentative diagnoses
C
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)
a) activates the digestive system when we are resting
b) inhibits the digestive system when we are resting
A
Thyroid hormone:
a) is essential for the development of the fetal brain
b) requires iodine for its synthesis
c) is essential for the maintenance of basal metabolic rate
d) warms us up on a cold day
e) all of the above
f) both A and B only
g) A only
E
Bile salts are produced by the
a) gall bladder
b) liver
c) pancreas
B
Prolonged and excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone by parathyroid gland tumours:
a) can cause bones to be brittle and fracture easily
b) can cause bones to become markedly thickened due to the excess of calcium uptake
A
Hypothalamic releasing hormones control the endocrine release of:
a) six different anterior pituitary hormones
b) two different posterior pituitary hormones
A
Cell membrane gated channels:
a) may open in response to hormonal signals
b) may open in response to neuronal signals
c) perform passive transport
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
D
The Na+/K+ ATPase-pump is essential:
a) in the distal tubes of the kidneys for sodium resorption
b) for the electrical transmission of nerves impulses
c) none of the above
d) both A and B
D
Oxytocin is released in response to suckling from:
a) hypothalamic nerve endings in the anterior pituitary
b) hypothalamic nerve endings in the posterior pituitary
B
Starch digestion begins when food enters the body due to the action of:
a) salivary gland amylases
b) pancreatic juices
A
Pancreatic juices secreted into the small intestine
a) breakdown fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
b) digest proteins only
A
The caecum in horses:
a) digests cellulose
b) functions soley as a food storage vat.
A
Convulsions and tetany can be caused by:
a) hypercalcaemia due to PTH excess
b) hypocalcaemia due to PTH deficiency
B
Innate immunity is due to:
a) the phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages we are born with
b) antibodies produced in response to infectious organisms entering the body
A
Passive immunity in domestic animals:
a) is passed from dam to offspring through the colostrum
b) is only passed from dam to offspring across the placenta
A
Maintenance of homeostasis is:
a) involuntary
b) automatic
c) voluntary
d) controlled by conscious thought
e) both A and B
f) both C and D
E
Passive immunity in domestic animals:
a) is passed from dam to offspring through the colostrum
b) is passed from dam to offspring accross the placenta
A
The blood flowing from the intestines to the liver is:
a) entirely arterial
b) entirely venous
c) both arterial and venous
B
The blood flow from the intestines to the liver is called
a) the hepatic portal system
b) the pulmonary venous system
c) the renin-angiotensin system
A
“Outside” control of digestion by the CNS:
a) has no effect in the digestive process
b) is said to integrate or coordinate digective process with the rest of body activity
c) is the sole control of digestive processes
B
The Na+ K+ ATPase pump transfers three Na+ ions out of the cell for every two K+ ions pumped into the cell.
True
Regulated secretion of hormones can be stimulated by endocrine or neural activity.
True
Contact-dependent cell signaling requires direct membrane to membrane contact.
True
The neuronal and endocrine control of homeostasis is involuntary or automatic.
True
The Na+ K+ ATPase pump uses energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP.
True
Hormones that bind with an intracellular receptor cause gene transcription of messenger RNA.
True
Stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system increases heart and respiratory rates.
True
Secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla mimics the action of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
True
Neuronal cell signaling is an electrical event along nerves and a chemical event involving specific chemical neurotransmitters at the nerve endings.
True
Passive transport across a cell membrane requires the expenditure of energy.
False
Lipid soluble hormones readily diffuse across cell membranes into the cell.
True
Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone are secreted by the zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex.
False
Lipid soluble hormones readily diffuse across cell membranes into the cell.
True
Diabetes mellitus is also known as sugar diabetes.
True
Diabetes insipidus can result from an absolute deficiency of ADH secretion by the posterior pituitary.
True
The mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex steroids produced by the adrenal cortex are derived from cholesterol.
True
Adequate levels of cortisol at birth are essential for the production of surfactant in the fetal lung.
True
Excessive and prolonged cortisol administration will cause fluid retention and tissue edema since cortisol mimics the effects of aldosterone.
True
The posterior pituitary contains nerve terminals of nerves from the hypothalamus
True
PU/PD (polyuria/polydipsia) is associated with hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Disease), diabetes mellitus, and diabetes insipidus.
False
Anxiety, nervousness and sensitivity to heat can be signs of hyperthyroidism due to an increased metabolic rate.
True
BST® (Monsanto) is bovine growth hormone or somatotropin and is currently in use in at least one-third of all lactating dairy cows in the U.S.A. at any one time.
True
Uterine contractions are stimulated by oxytocin binding to oxytocin receptors in uterine muscle sensitized by the high levels of estrogen that occur at the end of pregnancy.
True
Another name for ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is vasopressin since it causes vasoconstriction
True
Excessive growth hormone production in adolescents can cause giantism.
True
The active form of vitamin D produced in the kidneys due to stimulation from parathyroid hormone is important for the intestinal absorption of calcium.
True
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is stimulated in response to osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. These receptors are more sensitive than the thirst centre to plasma changes in sodium chloride concentrations.
True
Calcitonin from the thyroid gland increases the release of calcium from bone.
False
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion by the stomach begins protein digestion.
True
Venous blood flow from the intestinal tract passes through the liver before entering the general circulation through the caudal vena cava.
True
Hormonal communication between nearby cells in the ECF is called endocrine cell signaling.
False
Delayed development of the fetal brain can be caused by thyroid hormone deficiency resulting from maternal and fetal iodine deficiency.
True
Homeostasis is primarily controlled by a system of positive feedback.
False
B-lymphocytes (B-cells) are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity.
True
The enteric nervous system has effects upon intestinal peristalsis and secretion.
True
Cortisol stimulates lipolysis and hence the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
True
Kupffer’s cells are lymphoid cells in the liver.
True
Peyer’s Patches are lymphoid follicles in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract.
True
The neuronal or hormone signaled exocytosis of chemicals stored in intracellular vesicles is called constitutive secretion.
False
Lipophilic steroid hormones readily diffuse across cell membranes and exert their biological effect by modulating gene expression.
True
Lipophilic means the compound is soluble in lipids.
True
Cortisol has potent anti-inflammatory effects and is often used to suppress the irritation due to dermatitis.
True
The actions of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is called “Rest and Digest”.
False
The two catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla are norepinephrine and epinephrine, also called noradrenaline and adrenaline.
True
Calcitonin has the opposite effects as parathyroid hormone on blood calcium levels.
True
White blood cells live an average of 90 to 140 days before they are replaced.
False
Low blood volume is a stimulus for aldosterone secretion.
True
Active transport is against a concentration gradient.
True
The binding of a hormone to a cell surface receptor stimulates a biological event through the action of a second messenger, an enzyme that is activated
True
Regulated secretion of hormones means that the hormones are stored and only released when needed.
True
Hypotension due to aldosterone deficiency is more likely to be fatal than hypertension due to cortisol excess
True
In the study of pathology, all disease is a manifestation of:
A) tissue injury
B) cell injury
C) nuclear injury
D) organ injury
E) organ system injury.
B
Channel-mediated transport across cell membranes is
A) by endocytosis
B) passive
C) active
D) by exocytosis.
B
An etiologic diagnosis identifies:
A) the future behaviour of the disease
B) the causative agent
C) the specific disease or disease process
D) the lesion
E) a list of tentative diagnoses.
B
The site to which a hormone binds on a cell surface is called a
A) receptor
B) target cell
C) polypeptide chain molecule
D) ligand.
A
A prognosis identifies:
A) the future behaviour of the disease
B) the causative agent
C) the specific disease or disease process
D) the lesion
E) a list of tentative diagnoses.
A
Endocrinology is best defined as the study of
A) the body’s natural immune system
B) the nervous system control of body function
C) the hormonal regulation of body function
D) the circulatory system.
C
Allosteric changes:
A) change the receptor-binding properties of proteins
B) change the three dimensional shape of a protein
C) change protein activity
D) all of the above
E) none of the above.
D
A hormone agonist
A) blocks hormone action at a receptor site
B) mimics the action of another hormone at a receptor site
C) could have a different potency than the original hormone at the receptor site
D) B and C
E) A and C
D
An important hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex is
A) insulin
B) parathyroid hormone
C) calcitonin
D) cortisol
E) growth hormone.
D
Adrenocorticotropic hormone controls the synthesis and release of
A) cortisol from the adrenal medulla
B) cortisol from the adrenal cortex
C) epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
D) growth hormone from the adrenal cortex.
B
The main function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is
A) to regulate states of consciousness
B) to ensure rapid delivery of hormone releasing factors to the posterior pituitary
C) to allow the liver to rapidly detoxify absorbed substances
D) to ensure rapid delivery of hormone releasing factors to the anterior pituitary
E) to control blood flow to the hypothalamus.
D
A protease that coagulates milk in the stomach is
A) cholecystokinin
B) chymosin
C) gastrin
D) renin.
E) both B and D.
B
IGF-1 is synthesized and released by the liver in response to
A) calcitonin
B) prolactin
C) oxytocin
D) growth hormone
E) thyroid hormone.
D
Lipophilic substances are
A) lipid soluble
B) water soluble
C) readily diffuse cross the cell membrane
D) cannot diffuse across cell membranes
E) A and C
F) A and D.
E
The renin-angiotensin system is activated in response to
A) elevated aldosterone levels
B) increased blood volume
C) decreased blood volume
D) decreased aldosterone levels
E) high blood sodium ion levels.
C
Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) is characterized by
A) hypertension
B) normal blood pressure
C) increased blood aldosterone levels
D) hypotension.
E) growth hormone and thyroid hormone.
D
Which of the following is not a stress response?
A) bronchiolar dilation
B) increased heart rate
C) pupillary dilation
D) increased digestive activity
E) increased blood cortisol levels.
D
The function of bicarbonate secreted by stomach mucus cells is to
A) protect the stomach wall from auto-digestion
B) aid in the digestion of proteins
C) protect stomach bacteria from stomach acid
D) lessen the acid load entering the duodenum.
A
Anterior pituitary release of prolactin is inhibited by hypothalamic secretion of
A) serotonin
B) progesterone
C) growth hormone
D) dopamine.
D
Galactorrhea is
A) excessive or spontaneous flow of milk
B) cessation of the menstrual period
C) hypogonadism.
A
The process of digestion requires
A) mechanical breakdown of food
B) enzymatic breakdown of food
C) absorption through the intestinal wall
D) the production of chyme
E) A and B
F) A, B and C
G) all of the above.
G
Which of the following hormones influences blood glucose levels?
A) pepsin
B) parathyroid hormone
C) calcitonin
D) cortisol.
D
Which of the following is not a homeorrheic process?
A) pregnancy
B) adolescent growth
C) sleep
D) lactation.
C
Basal metabolic rate is mainly controlled by
A) growth hormone
B) thyroid hormone
C) cortisol
D) aldosterone.
B
The hormone that stimulates the Na+ K+ ATPase-dependent pump in the kidneys is
A) aldosterone
B) cortisol
C) prolactin
D) thyroid hormone
E) growth hormone.
A
The Na+ K+ ATPase pump pumps three Na+ ions into the cell for every two K+ ions pumped out of the cell.
False
This energy driven pump exchanges 3 sodium ions out of the cell for every 3 potassium ions pumped into the cell
Electrically-charged particles readily diffuse across cell membranes
False
The selective permeability of the cell membrane excludes charge particles
Contact-dependent cell signaling requires intact cell tight junctions.
True
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system.
True
The Na+ K+ ATPase pump supplies energy to cells through the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP plus an inorganic phosphate ion.
True
Binding of a hormone with a cell surface receptor causes intracellular gene transcription.
False
Cell surface receptors stimulate enzyme action upon biological processes within a cell whereas gene transcription is stimulate by intracellular receptors
Stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system lowers heart rate and blood pressure.
False
- The sympathetic nervous system increases HR and BP during a stress response (the fight or flight response)*
- *
Secretion of catecholamines by the adrenal medulla mimics the action of the sympathetic nervous system.
True
Neuronal cell signaling is an electrical event along nerves and a chemical event involving neurotransmitters at the nerve endings.
True
Active transport across a cell membrane does not require the expenditure of energy.
False
Active transport across a cell membrane requires energy (‘active’) in the form of ATP
Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells and thereby increases blood glucose levels.
False
Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells (facilitates glucose transport through cell membranes) and in doing so will lower blood glucose levels
Diabetes insipidus is also known as water diabetes
True
Diabetes insipidus can result from an absolute deficiency of ADH secretion by the posterior pituitary.
True
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system is said to “burn” energy.
True
Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex steroids are all derived from cholesterol.
True
Glucocorticoids are secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.
False
- Glucocorticoids (cortisol) are secreted by the zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex and mineralocortcoids (aldosterone) are secreted by the adrenal zona glomerulosa*
- *
Adequate levels of cortisol are essential for the production of surfactant in the fetal lung.
True
Cortisol levels are highest in the morning.
True
Excessive and prolonged cortisol administration can cause fluid retention and edema.
True
PU/PD is associated with Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism) and diabetes.
True
Anxiety and sensitivity to heat can be signs of hyperthyroidism.
True
The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) contains the nerve endings of nerves from the hypothalamus.
True
BST is bovine growth hormone and is in use in at least one-third of all U.S. dairy cows at any one time.
True
Uterine contractions are stimulated by oxytocin binding to oxytocin receptors in uterine muscle sensitized by high levels of estrogens at the end of pregnancy.
True
Another name for vasopressin is ADH since it prevents diuresis.
True
Somatostatin is a hypothalamic hormone that suppresses growth hormone synthesis and release from the anterior pituitary.
True
Excessive growth hormone production in adults can cause acromegaly.
True
Vitamin D is important for the intestinal absorption of calcium.
True
ADH secretion is stimulated in response to osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.
True
Gastrin stimulates stomach acid secretion in response to stomach distension.
True
HCL secretion by the stomach is essential for the conversion of inactive pepsinogen to active pepsin.
True
Secretin from the small intestine stimulates pancreatic and liver bicarbonate secretion.
True
The liver functions as a reservoir for the blood volume of the general circulation.
True
Venous blood flow from the intestinal tract passes through the liver before entering the general circulation.
True
Bilirubin is a breakdown product of ‘spent’ red blood cells and is secreted by the liver in bile.
True
The digestive enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin are not harmful if released within the pancreas.
False
The inactive precusors trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen are stored in the pancreas; they are activated by an enzyme in the small intestine; the active compounds, trypsin and chymotrypsin, will auto digest the pancreas if they are released there (i.e. in pancreatic disease)
Apoptosis is cell death due to disease processes
False
- Apoptosis is normal or programmed cell death that occurs on a regular basis; necrosis is cell death due to disease processes*
- *
Hormonal communication between cells in close contact is called autocrine cell signaling.
False
Cell signaling between adjacent cells is called contact-dependent signaling or direct contact signaling; autocrine cell signaling is signaling by hormones on the same cell that produced it (‘auto’ or self)
Cretinism due to thyroid hormone deficiency can be caused by maternal iodine deficiency.
True
Enteric nerves in the intestinal myenteric plexus regulate intestinal blood flow.
False
Enteric nerves in the myenteric plexus contact intestinal motility (intestinal smooth muscle contractions or peristalsis); nerves in the submucosal plexus control blood flow
Homeostasis is primarily controlled by a system of positive feedback.
False
The main control of homeostasis is by negative feedback
The extrinsic parasympathetic nervous system stimulates digestive processes.
True
The largest endocrine organ system in the body is the thyroid gland.
False
The largest endocrine organ system in the body is the gastrointestinal tract
T-lymphocytes are responsible for cell mediated immunity (CMI).
True
Insulin stimulates liver glycogen breakdown.
False
Insulin facilitates glucose uptake by many cells in the body and stimulates glycogenesis (glycogen synthesis); glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown) is stimulated by epinephrine (adrenalin) and glucagon
paracrine signaling
hormonal action on cells in the immediate environment, in the surrounding ECF
physiology
the study of body function
endocrinology
the study of hormone action, their receptors, their release and their regulation of body function
hormone
chemical messengers transported by the blood stream or other means to receptors which have a specific effect on body function
hormone antagonist
a hormone or other compound that blocks the effect of a specific hormone at its receptor site and prevents the action of that hormone
neurotransmitter
a chemical substance released from the axon terminal or nerve ending to stimulate or inhibit a target cell or other nerve, such that it ‘transmits’ the nerve impulse across the nerve synapse
morphologic diagnosis
a diagnosis of the disease or pathological state based on the morphologic or structural change
exocytosis
‘export’; the discharge or excretion of a substance from a cell by fusion of a vesicle containing that substance with the cell membrane, thereby releasing the contents into the ECF or nearby environment
endocytosis
‘import’; the budding in to bring a substance into a cell; the uptake of material from outside by invagination of the cell membrane
glucagon.
a hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to hypoglycemia or growth hormone (GH) to increase blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis in the liver (breakdown of glycogen)
Homeostasis OR homeorrhesis.
The physiological process by which the internal body systems are maintained at equilibrium or a steady state despite external environmental conditions (such as blood pressure, body temperature, acid-base balance); a tendency to stability in normal body states the tendency to maintain stability or a steady body state in spite of an extreme physiological process such as growth, pregnancy or lactation, tending to divert it
One difference between constitutive and regulated hormone secretion.
no storage of the hormone in storage vesicles, released as it is produced constitutive hormone secretion means the hormone is released as it is produced whereas regulated hormone secretion means the hormone is stored in vesicles beforehand and these vesicles release their contents as stimulated by signals from the nervous system (neurotransmitters) or by other hormones
The source of bile and its principal action in the small intestine
Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder; it is released in response to a meal containing lipids and emulsifies fat droplets for further breakdown by lipases
Endocrine signaling
Hormonal signaling by the secretion of hormones into the blood stream; the blood carries the chemical messengers to their target to signal some bodily cellular or physiological function
Physiology
the study of normal body functioning
Hormone
A chemical messenger that influences, stimulates or alters bodily (cellular) function
Apoptosis
Normal, programmed cell death in the body
Negative feedback
Output inhibits release; the levels of hormone produced feedback to inhibit further production
Homeostasis:
Maintenance of a constant internal environment or steady state; the ability to control or fluctuations or maintain the body environment at equilibrium or at a steady state
Two examples of homeorrhetic processes are:
lactation, pregnancy, growth, puberty
disease states, diabetes
Homeostasis is mainly controlled by a system of:
negative feedback
Many soluble proteins are continually secreted from cells as they are produced (there is no storage); this unregulated membrane secretion is called ____________secretion. Some proteins, once assembled, are stored in vesicles and secreted only when there is an extracellular signal to do so; this is called____________ secretion
constitutive, regulated
Proteins were described as having five major functions. Three of these functions are:
structural building blocks; enzymes;
hormone receptors; hormones (chemical
messengers); transport across cell membranes; couple biochemical reactions (‘linkers’)
Substances will try to diffuse from an area of
high concentration to one of low concentration;
this tendency is called the ___________ force.
diffusion
At the hormone-binding site of receptors agonists _____the post-receptor event whereas antagonists ___ the post-receptor event
induce (mimic),
block (inhibit)
Intracellular vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their substances to the outside of the cell; this process is called _______. Substances can be moved from the outside of the cell into the cytoplasm in vesicles that are pinched off from the cell membrane; this process is called ________
exocytosis, endocytosis
Communication between one neuron and another can be described as an _______ event, whereas hormone signaling is best described as a________ event
electrochemical, chemical
The ‘fight’ or ‘take flight’ response is controlled by the _________nervous system. This response _____ energy. The neurotransmitter released at most of the postganglionic synapses in this system is ________. ‘Rest and digest’ is associated with activation of the _______ nervous system ). This response _______ energy.
sympathetic, burns, norepinephrine, parasympathetic, saves
