mammalian overview Flashcards

Question

why did wolves and humans get along

Answer 1

hunting buddies, family based, use facial expressions and body language to indicate mood - cooked meat >>>> carrion - dogs = sentinel

Answer 2

mutualistic relationships with humans provides better survival rates and an easier life

Answer 3

barking, smiling, tail wagging, fetching, white coloring on face and feet

Answer 4

fetal/juvenile phenotype smaller body shorter nose/jaw larger brain case smaller teeth floppy ears reduction of brain size prolongation of juvenile behavior

Answer 5

belayev and trut - 1960s - scandanavia selected for human proximity - 4 generations = tail wagging - 6 generations = eager for human contact, whined

Answer 6

diet growth rate captive breeding meanness tendency to panic social structure

Answer 7

fibula, chestnut, C1, ergot, fibula

Answer 8

odd-toed ungulates - monogastric GI tract - large cecum and colon - herbivores and hind gut fermenters - zebras, taipurs, horses, rhinos

Answer 9

trachea syrinx primary bronchus ventrobronchi paleopulmonic parabronchi intraclavicular sac cranial thoracic sac laterobronchus caudal thoracic sac abdominal sac

Answer 10

double oxygenation extremely sensitive to toxic gases

Answer 11

Hen - female rooster - male Chick - baby Pullet - young female Cockerel - young male Tom - adult male turkey Poult - adult female turkey Broody vs. Non-setting - non setting=not hatching Layer - lays eggs Broiler or Fryer - meant to be meat Dual Purpose - both Straight run - not been sexed

Answer 12

females black, males black with a white spot females red, males white or yellow White Leghorns – great for commercial egg production – NOT great in backyards (loud, nervous & aggressive)  Plymouth Rock, Wyandotte & Orpington – known for docility

Answer 13

ayers  Chick starter 0 to 4-6 wks  Pullet grower 4-6 to 16 – 20 wks  OR Starter/Grower 0 to 16 – 20 wks  Layer 16- 20 wks on (once laying begins) *  Broilers  Chick starter 0 to 2-4 wks  Grower/Finisher 2-4 to 6-10 wks  Start to Finish 0 to 6-10 wks Time after chick hatches when special care must be given  Kept in a ‘brooder’ – warm, dry place  Heat lamp  Starter feed  Water  Bedding – pine shaving, straw, oat hulls, ground cobs MEDICATED FEED OR VACCINATIONS

Answer 14

Eggs are 1/3 H20! * Hen will drink ~25% of her body weight in the last 2hrs of daylight * Best to hang water off of the ground to keep clean * Chickens use evaporative cooling (similar to dogs) * Pant * Spread wings * Do not have sweat gland

Answer 15

Category I – Apprentice – work under Category II or III ◦ Category II – Individual/Organization >2yrs of experience ◦ Category III – Hospital/Teaching Hospital ◦ Category IV – Care Provider ◦ Category V – Student – typically non-VA resident, intend to leave the field or leave the state

Answer 16

protect individuals taking in wildlife to bring it to nearby rescues

Answer 17

Dangerous animal diseases Food additives and other substances that are toxic to pets Transportation and import of animals Inclusion of animals in disaster planning and preparedness

Answer 18

estrous: - domestic animals - limited period of sexual receptivity (estrus) - starts with proestrus and ends w luteal menstrual: - higher order primates - sexually receptive most of the time - starts with menstruation and ends w luteal

Answer 19

Proestrus – Follicle development after luteal regression ◦ In the bovine: 3-4 days Estrus – period of sexual receptivity ◦ In the bovine: 12 hrs (What is their behavior?) Metestrus – Corpus luteum (CL) development ◦ In the bovine: 2 days Diestrus – mature CL (progesterone levels peak) ◦ In the bovine: 15 days Anestrus – reproductive dormancy ◦ In the bovine: would indicate a problem...they cycle all year round, cycle is NOT affected by daylight

Answer 20

chemically induced lactation induction is v hard nurse mares of the northeast

Answer 21

body weight decreases a lot in the beginning, is opposite to milk production and dry matter intake dry matter intake increases after lactation and syncs w it

Answer 22

rumen/rehabilitation

Answer 23

Interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system (makes hormones)

Answer 24

Anterior pituitary lobe = adenohypophysis = pars distalis * Posterior pituitary lobe = neurohypophysis = pars nervosa * Intermediate lobe = pars intermedia

Answer 25

SPCA – originated in England 1824 to prevent abuse of carriage horses * American SPCA started in 1866 in NYC by Henry Bergh...what happened in America in 1865? * NB: NY SPCA had a horse ambulance two years BEFORE it had a human one * Black Beauty by Anna Sewell. First published in 1877. Horse as 1st person narrator

Answer 26

Anthropomorphism: to attribute human characteristics to a non- human * Affective state * Synonym for ‘emotion’ * Long-term cumulative mood state * Arousal – activation of the sympathetic nervous system * Conspecific – member of the same species * Ethogram – catalog of an animal’s behaviors used for scientific study

Answer 27

1964 Animal Machines by Ruth Harrison – denounced the treatment of farm animals for food production * In response, the British government established the Brambell committee * This committee wrote a report (Brambell Report) that listed five essential freedoms of farm animals * This led to what is now known as the Five Freedoms of animal welfare – each freedom describes a basic requirement of an animal to express its normal behavior. Each freedom is accompanied by a provision which states how this is accomplished.

Answer 28

Freedom from thirst, hunger & malnutrition – by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health & vigor * Freedom from discomfort – by providing a suitable environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area * Freedom from pain, injury and disease – by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment * Freedom from fear & distress – by ensuring conditions which avoid mental suffering * Freedom to express normal behavior – by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal’s own kind

Answer 29

nutrition, environment, health, behavior, mental state all feed into the mental state

Answer 30

TONS of implications in the horse industry * Horse slaughter * Horse racing - HISA * Horse Protection Act * Olympics – Pentathalon, Charlotte Dujardain * “Social License to Operate

Answer 31

- even toed ungulate (artiodactyl) - monogastric, omnivores - finished pig is 275 POUNDS, 190 days to get to weight - 6-13 piglets per litter, 2 litters a year, 5-7 litters bf culling - puberty in 6-9 months - estrus cycle is 21 days - gestation is 3m 3w 3d (114 days)

Answer 32

AIAO - strict biosecurity - one company has the pigs for their whole lives - safer - isowean principle - piglets separate

Answer 33

sow - female boar - male gilt - virgin female pig barrow - castrated male pig shoat - weaned young pig piglet - young pig, not weaned sounder - group of wild pigs farrowing - giving birth to piglets standing lordosis - spine deformity

Answer 34

Diet? * Digestive tract – simple stomach & HIND-GUT fermenters * Ancestors from the steppe – semi-arid region (dry!) * Many management issues today stem from wet ground and green grass....think about where there are wild horses in USA * Domesticated ~2200BCE herbivores Simple stomach, fermentation happens in their large cecum (extension of large intestines, analogous to our appendix)

Answer 35

Gestation is +/- 343 days – long light breeders * Estrous cycles ~21 days SAME AS PIG * Estrus (receptive) ~5-7 days * Ovulate 24 to 48 hrs BEFORE end of estrus * Heat detection is key! * Diestrus 14-15 days

Answer 36

Foal * Weanling - just weaned * Yearling - one year old * Colt - boy * Filly - girl * Gelding - castrated Stallion - intact * Mare - female grown * Maiden - female not bred * Horse vs. Pony - under 14.2 is pony * ‘Hands’ - 4 inches

Answer 37

Donkeys * Jacks * Jennys * Mule – Jack + Mare * Horse mule/John mule * Mare mule/Mollie mule * Hinny – Stallion + Jenny

Answer 38

Black points – Black, Bay, Grullo, Buckskin, Dun * Non-black points – Chestnut, Sorrel, Palomino, Cremello, Silver * Other – Appaloosa, Roan, Overo, Paint * Primitive markings – dorsal stripe, tiger/zebra stripes on legs, cross on withers (donkeys)

Answer 39

U.S. largest world producer of broiler chickens and turkeys * China largest world producer of eggs Tyson Foods, Pilgrim’s Pride, Perdue Farms, Koch Foods and Sanderson

Answer 40

No teeth! Use beak and feet to break up food * Crop – outpouching of esophagus where food is stored * Proventriculus – glandular stomach (secretes HCl) * Gizzard – food is ground into fine particles * Small intestine, 2 ceca (little contribution), large intestine * Cloaca * Vent – single external orifice for urinating, defecating and mating

Answer 41

he ‘Incredible, edible egg!’ ◦ Protein, healthy fats, Vit A, D & E, folate, choline ◦ Contain ALL 9 essential amino acids ◦ Come in their own biodegradable package ◦ Some individuals may be sensitive to the higher cholesterol levels of eggs than others Hens are kept until ~95weeks of age then sold at a livestock market for meat

Answer 42

Free range – birds have access to an enclosed pen outside of the poultry house * Natural – USDA definition = minimally processed with no added ingredients...almost all fresh poultry meets this standard * Organic – no antibiotics, pesticides and specific feedstuff from organic ingredients * Produced without hormones – no artificial or added hormones are used by poultry industry in compliance with FDA regs * Antibiotic-free – production system did not incorporate any health care product classified as an antibiotic in prevention or treatment of an illness * Fresh – product not been chilled to temps below 26 degrees Farenheit

Answer 43

Cow - female * Bull - male * Calf – Until it’s weaned or ~1yr * Heifer – female prior to calving * Steer – castrated male * Cattle - group

Answer 44

Starts in the mouth..duh * Incisors designed for prehending grass * ‘Hypsodont’ dentition * High crown relative to root – suited to wear and tear * Thick enamel * CONSTANT eruption of new tooth * Circular or side-to-side chewing action * Misaligned teeth can become overgrown and inhibit chewing action * Maxillary teeth have wider set than mandibular * Why yearly ‘floating’ is recommended * ‘Floating’ – nautical or masonry term meaning to ‘level’