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final exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is a key feature of mammals related to their young?

A

Nurse their young

Other features include being covered with hair and delivering live young instead of eggs.

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2
Q

What is the term for the anatomical structure that produces milk in mammals?

A

Mammary Gland

Mammary glands are essential for lactation in mammals.

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3
Q

How many quarters does a cow’s udder have?

A

4 quarters

Sheep and goats have 2 quarters but are still referred to as having quarters.

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4
Q

What is the function of the median suspensory ligament in cows?

A

Elastic support for the udder

It helps support the weight of the milk in the udder.

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5
Q

What is a supernumerary teat?

A

Extra teat that may be removed

Supernumerary teats can interfere with milking machines or become sources of infection.

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6
Q

What hormones are associated with udder development during pregnancy?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

These hormones are produced by the ovaries.

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7
Q

What hormone initiates milk production?

A

Prolactin

Prolactin is stimulated by pregnancy and suckling and is produced in the anterior pituitary.

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8
Q

What stimulates the release of oxytocin?

A

Suckling or sensory stimulus associated with milking

Oxytocin is produced in the posterior pituitary and is crucial for milk letdown.

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9
Q

What is Bovine Somatotropin (BST)?

A

Bovine Growth Hormone

BST was previously used to increase milk production in dairy cows.

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10
Q

When was recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rBST) FDA approved?

A

1993

rBST is a synthetic version of Bovine Growth Hormone.

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11
Q

What is a concern related to the use of growth hormones in dairy cows?

A

Consumer backlash

Many dairymen stopped using it to market hormone-free milk.

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12
Q

What is one environmental concern associated with dairy cows?

A

Methane emission

The methane emissions from cows contribute to environmental issues.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: Young mammals do not need/have _______.

A

teeth

This allows for easier delivery of the head during birth.

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14
Q

What is the significance of genetic diversity in dairy cows?

A

Limited genetic variability in breeds like Holsteins

Genetic diversity is important for breed health and resilience.

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15
Q

What is the nutritional value of milk to humans?

A

Rich source of nutrients

Milk provides essential vitamins and minerals for human health.

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

What is Animal Science traditionally focused on?

A

Domesticated animal species, particularly livestock and farm animals.

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18
Q

Define domestication in the context of animal science.

A

Human intervention in diet, reproduction, sanitation, and disease management.

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19
Q

What global factors are impacting the agriculture industry?

A

Growing world population with changing dietary patterns requiring more food production on finite land amid climatic change.

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20
Q

What is the goal of the animal science course mentioned?

A

As much hands-on real-life animal experience as possible.

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21
Q

What is the attendance policy for the animal science course?

A

More than three absences will result in a zero, and more than five absences will result in an F.

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22
Q

What are some important dates for field trips in the course?

A
  • Jan 17: Humane Society of Amherst County
  • Jan 31: Rockfish Wildlife Sanctuary
  • Feb 7: Southland Dairy Presentation
  • Feb 14: Cage-Free Aviary System
  • Feb 19: Mid-Term
  • Feb 28: Shoe pulling lab
  • Apr 2: Montebello Fish Hatchery
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23
Q

What percentage of the final grade does attendance contribute?

A

10% of the final grade.

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24
Q

What is the structure of the oral presentation assignment?

A

10-15 minutes with a visual aid; topics assigned or pre-approved by the instructor.

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25
True or False: The AAVMC website provides resources for veterinary school admissions.
True.
26
What are some financial considerations for veterinary students?
* Graduate loans are mostly unsubsidized * Current Federal graduate loan interest is 8.08% * Consider scholarships and working during vet school.
27
What challenges do veterinarians face in their profession?
* Financial challenges due to tuition vs. starting salaries * Physical dangers like bites and kicks * Mental challenges from client interactions * Emotional challenges like compassion fatigue.
28
What are some rewards of being a veterinarian?
* Fulfilling a lifelong dream * Working with animals * Making animals feel better * Meeting new people.
29
What should students do if they dislike an experience during their internship?
Give themselves permission to dislike it; it doesn't mean they dislike animals or won't like being a veterinarian.
30
Fill in the blank: The price of tuition for veterinary school has _______ and has outpaced starting salaries.
ballooned.
31
What is the recommended action for students interested in internships?
Seek opportunities at local organizations like the Humane Society or Rockfish Wildlife Sanctuary.
32
List some recommended reads for aspiring veterinarians.
* Becoming a Veterinarian: Masters at Work – Boris Kachka * Animals in Translation – Temple Grandin, PhD * Driving Home Naked – Melinda McCall, DVM.
33
What is a requirement for the trip to the Humane Society of Amherst County?
Bring a signed liability release form.
34
What type of shoes should students wear for the trip to the Humane Society?
Closed-toed shoes.
35
What is the next class topic after the Humane Society trip?
Domestication of the dog.
36
What is the definition of domestication?
Feeding, housing & reproduction are under human control. ## Footnote Domestication allows humans to manage animal populations effectively.
37
How long ago did dogs become domesticated?
12,000 – 14,000 years ago. ## Footnote Evidence includes a wolf pup or dog skull found buried beside a woman in Northern Iraq.
38
What is mutualism?
A specific type of symbiosis where both species benefit. ## Footnote Other types include commensalistic and parasitic relationships.
39
What is the leading theory about the domestication of dogs?
Wolves followed human hunting parties to scavenge for leftovers. ## Footnote This led to a mutually beneficial relationship between humans and wolves.
40
What is the term for characteristics shared by domesticated species?
Domestication syndrome. ## Footnote Originally described by Charles Darwin, it includes traits not present in wild progenitors.
41
What are some characteristics of domestication syndrome?
* Juvenile or fetal phenotype * Smaller body * Shorter nose/jaw * Larger brain case * Smaller teeth * Docility/tameness * Floppy ears * Shorter/curly tail * More frequent & nonseasonal estrus * Altered adrenocorticotropic hormones * Prolongation of juvenile behavior * Reduction in total brain size and certain regions of the brain. ## Footnote These traits are observed in domestic mammals and some birds and fish.
42
What was the focus of Dmitri Belyaev's silver fox experiment?
Selection for tameness. ## Footnote The experiment demonstrated how domestication traits can emerge through selective breeding.
43
List the six reasons why domestication might fail.
* Diet * Growth Rate * Captive Breeding * Too mean * Tendency to panic * Social structure. ## Footnote These factors impact the feasibility of domestication.
44
True or False: Dogs can read and emulate human facial expressions.
True. ## Footnote This ability enhances their role as companions and service animals.
45
Fill in the blank: Animals in the wild reproduce early and die ______.
young.
46
What is a key advantage of domesticated species compared to wild ones?
Domesticated species outperform wild ones in terms of survival. ## Footnote This is due to human care and breeding practices.
47
What is an important aspect to remember when walking a dog?
Keep dogs separated from each other when on a leash. ## Footnote This helps prevent aggression and ensures safety.
48
What should you do if your assigned dog appears aggressive or overly fearful?
Speak up if you feel uneasy or unsafe. ## Footnote Trust your instincts when handling dogs.
49
How do domesticated dogs differ in communication compared to wolves?
Dogs bark while wolves howl. ## Footnote Barking may serve as a means to communicate with humans.
50
What is the importance of artificial selection in domestication?
Any trait that makes a dog distinctive can make it more likely to be artificially selected to breed by humans. ## Footnote This includes traits such as appearance and behavior.
51
What is a common misconception about domestication?
That humans have made animals' lives worse by domesticating them. ## Footnote Evidence suggests domesticated animals often have better health and longevity.
52
What time do buses leave on Friday from Guion?
7:15 a.m.
53
What is the location of Rockfish Wildlife Sanctuary?
5450 Wheelers Cove Rd Shipman, VA
54
What is a unique feature of the paid summer internship at Rockfish Wildlife Sanctuary?
FREE housing
55
What is the plan for the class on Friday, Feb 7th?
Class will be at the Riding Center – Dairy Presentation
56
Who developed the classification system for living things?
Carl Linnaeus
57
What is the simplified naming system in taxonomy based on?
Latin genus & species
58
What did Carl Linnaeus identify as a distinguishing factor for mammals?
Mammary glands
59
Which evolutionary theory did Charles Darwin publish in 1859?
On the Origin of Species
60
Who is considered the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
61
What substance did Frederich Meischer identify in white blood cells?
Nuclein (later called DNA)
62
What significant structure of DNA was described by Watson & Crick?
Double helix
63
What does modern taxonomy rely on more heavily compared to classical taxonomy?
DNA similarities and mutations
64
What is a homologous structure?
Same basic structure but different functions in related species
65
What is a vestigial remnant?
Body parts that have lost most if not all of their original function over time through evolution
66
What is co-option in evolutionary biology?
When natural selection finds new uses for an existing trait
67
What family do odd-toed ungulates belong to?
Perissodactyl family
68
What is the significance of Archeopteryx in evolutionary biology?
Discovery that birds were related to dinosaurs via comparative anatomy
69
What is a key characteristic of avian respiratory anatomy?
Lack a diaphragm
70
What is the function of air sacs in birds?
Act as a reservoir for air, allowing for continuous gas exchange
71
What does double oxygenation in birds refer to?
Air flow is in one direction, allowing blood oxygenation on both inhale and exhale
72
How do birds' respiratory systems give them an evolutionary advantage?
They can fly/breathe/live at higher altitudes
73
What is a major concern for bird caretakers regarding toxic gases?
Birds are extremely sensitive to toxic gases
74
What is air sacculitis?
A condition affecting birds related to their air sacs
75
What is the goal of wildlife rehabilitation?
To release animals to their native habitats
76
What is the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA)?
Prohibits the take of protected migratory bird species without prior authorization
77
What are the five categories of wildlife rehabilitators?
* Category I – Apprentice * Category II – Individual/Organization >2yrs of experience * Category III – Hospital/Teaching Hospital * Category IV – Care Provider * Category V – Student
78
Why should kitten formula not be given to baby bunnies?
It can be harmful due to differing nutritional needs
79
What is required to care for wild mammals and reptiles?
State permit
80
What does good Samaritan laws protect?
Private citizens acting in good faith in wildlife rehabilitation

intro to animal science (12 decks)

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