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Vert- Mammal Final > Mammal Physiology > Flashcards

Mammal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of epidermis do mammals have and what is it good for?

A

Lightweight and waterproof

Good for a variety of environments

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2
Q

Name 2 other skin types that some mammals have and which mammals have them.

A
  1. Epidermal scales: beaver and rat tails

2. Dermal plates: armadillos

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3
Q

What 7 things does the mammal epidermis give rise to?

A
  1. hair
  2. glands
  3. nails
  4. scales
  5. hooves
  6. baleen
  7. horns
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4
Q

What did hair arise from in early synapsids?

A

Specialized mechanoreceptors

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5
Q

What is the outer, coarser, longer hair on mammals called and what is its purpose?

A

Guard hair: for protection

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6
Q

What is the inner, finer, shorter hair on mammals called and what is its purpose?

A

Under fur: for insullation

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7
Q

Hair is non-living, and replaced gradually or what other way?

A

Molting

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8
Q

What are 3 ways/characteristics of molting in mammals?

A
  1. Many molt annually, usually in the fall
  2. Some molt twice a year: deer, snowshoe hares, short-tailed weasels
  3. Some change color
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9
Q

What causes molting in mammals?

A

Photoperiod combined with melatonin production

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10
Q

What research is being done on molting in a certain mammal species?

A

Dr. Mills research on adaptation to climate change in snowshoe hares. Are they more susceptible to predators if they don’t turn from white to brown when the snow melts?

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11
Q

What is the purpose of horns and antlers on some mammals?

A
  1. reproductive behavior
  2. defense
  3. offense
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12
Q

What family and species of mammals have true horns?

A

Bovine family: cattle, antelope, sheep and goats

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13
Q

What are 3 characteristics of true horns?

A
  1. Permanent bony dermal core, epidermal sheath
  2. Usually not branched, never shed, both sexes
  3. Grow from base, annual growth rings
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14
Q

What family and species of mammals have antlers?

A

Cervidae family: deer, elk

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15
Q

What are 3 physical characteristics of antlers?

A
  1. branched
  2. solid
  3. dead dermal bone
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16
Q

Name 4 characteristics of antler growth.

A
  1. Secondary sex characteristics - Testosterone - males only (except caribou)
  2. Photoperiod signals replacement
  3. Start growing in spring, full grown in summer/fall - shed mid-winter
  4. Velvet: skin with blood vessels feed growing antlers, at full growth velvet rubs off
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17
Q

What are the 3 types of glands mammals have?

A
  1. mammary
  2. sebaceous
  3. scent
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18
Q

What are 3 characteristics of mammary glands?

A
  1. Modified sweat glands produce milk for young
  2. Hormone prolactin produced by pituitary
  3. Number of teats equal to maximum litter size or twice the average
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19
Q

What are 3 characteristics of sebaceous glands?

A
  1. Oil glands
  2. Sebum lubricates hairs
  3. Antibacterial
20
Q

What are 5 characteristics of scent glands?

A
  1. Numerous and widely distributed
  2. Mark territory
  3. Attract mates
  4. Defense
  5. Considered pheromones if they elicit a specific response from same species
21
Q

What are the 2 main areas of the mammal skeletal system?

A
  1. skull

2. vertebrae

22
Q

What are 3 characteristics of mammal skulls?

A
  1. Single pair of temporal fenestrae (holes behind eye orbits) in synapsids
  2. Zygomatic arch arch around orbit
  3. More complex ear bones than other vertebrates
23
Q

What are 5 segments of mammal vertebrae?

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
  5. caudal
24
Q

How many fused sacral vertebrae are there and what is the sacrum the point of attachment for?

A

5 fused sacral vertebrae: point of attachment for pelvis

25
Q

Ape and human _____1._____ vertebrae fused to form _____2._____.

A
  1. caudal

2. coccyx

26
Q
  • Review skull and skeletal structures of mammals on pages 286 and 287 of textbook.
A

(see book pgs. 286-287)

27
Q

What are the 3 types of locomotion in mammals?

A
  1. Plantigrade
  2. Digigrade
  3. Unguligrade
28
Q

What are 2 characteristics of Plantigrade locomotion, and what types of mammals have it?

A
  1. Entire surface of foot on ground
  2. Usually have pentadactyl hands and feet
    Insectivores, monkeys, apes, humans, bears
29
Q

What are 4 characteristics of Digigrade locomotion, and what types of mammal have it?

A
  1. Weight I put on ends of metacarpals and metatarsals
  2. Wrists and ankles elevated
  3. Thumb reduced or lost
  4. Faster than plantigrade
    Rabbits, rodents, carnivores
30
Q

What is Unguligrade locomotion and what are the 2 types/categories?

A

Weight of the body on hooves: modified claws

  1. Artiodactyls: cloven hoof, 2 digits function as hoof: deer, elk, caribou, giraffes
  2. Perissodactyls: 1 digit functions as hoof: horses, rhinoceroses
31
Q

How many chambers are in the heart of mammals?

A

4 chambered heart: complete separation of atrial and ventricle

32
Q

What are the range of heart rate in mammals and examples of each?

A

25 bpm: elephant

1000 bpm: shrew

33
Q

What are the 3 different types of blood cells in mammals?

A
  1. Erythrocytes: red
  2. Leukocytes: white
  3. Thrombocytes: platelets
34
Q

Describe red blood cells in mammals.

A

Non-nucleated for more space for carrying oxygen.

Bioconcave disc shape.

35
Q

What is the order of a mammal’s respiratory system?

A 
Pharynx
Trachea (covered b epiglottis)
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
36
Q

What are 5 characteristics of a mammal diaphragm?

A
  1. Muscle that separates pleural cavities from abdominal cavity
  2. Dome shaped at rest
  3. Flattens when contracted and enlarges thoracic cavity
  4. Lowers internal pressure in pleural cavities so air flows into lungs
  5. Air flows out when diaphragm is relaxed
37
Q

What is the order of a mammal’s digestive system?

A 
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
38
Q

What is the relationship between the diversity in feeding and anatomy for Ruminents, like deer?

A
  1. Rumen organ (fermentation), plant matter broken down
  2. Long digestive system
  3. Cecum helps digestion
39
Q

What is the relationship between the diversity in feeding and anatomy for Herbivores, like rabbits?

A

Cecum helps break down plant matter

40
Q

What is it called when a mammal has 2 sets of teeth, baby and permanent?

A

Diphodont teeth: Milk teeth or deciduous teeth, before or soon after birth.
Permanent or adult teeth replace milk teeth.

41
Q

What is it called when a mammal has several types of teeth? What teeth are included?

A

Heterodont dentition: incisor, canine, premolar, molar

- Depends on diet: herbivores don’t have canine teeth

42
Q

Describe 5 parts/characterstics of the mammal nervous system.

A
  1. Ears: way more developed
  2. Pinna: external, funnels sound to ear canal
  3. External auditory meatus: ear canal, sound conveyed to eardrum
  4. 3 middle ear bones: transmit vibrations from eardrum to inner ear
  5. Cochlea: inner ear with hair cells that convert mechanical energy into nerve impulses transmitted to brain
43
Q

What are the 3 middle ear bones?

A
  1. malleus
  2. incus
  3. stapes
44
Q

What is the special sonar ability of some mammals called and what does it do? What mammals have it?

A

Echolocation: sonar to locate food, communicate, and move

Bats, shrews, whales, seals, manatees

45
Q

What are 5 characteristics and types of mammal eyes?

A
  1. Similar to other amniotes (reptiles, birds, mammals)
  2. Some mammals are colorblind: whales and seals
  3. Many mammals have dichromatic vision: dogs
  4. Primates have trichromatic vision: blue, green, red
  5. Moles and rats: vestigial eyes
46
Q

What are 3 characteristics of a mammal nose?

A
  1. Highly developed olfactory mechanisms
  2. Large nasal passages
  3. Especially strong in nocturnal mammals

Vert- Mammal Final (3 decks)

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