Malnutrition and Infectious Diseases Flashcards
Define Malnutrition
It is a state of nutrition in which a deficiency or excess (or imbalance) of energy, protein and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue/body form (body shape, size and composition and function and clinical outcome
Who are the most at risk of malnutrition within the population?
Children under 2
Children under 5
Pregnant women
Lactating women
Adolescent Girls
Elderly
People with HIB/AIDS
What are the types of Malnutrition?
-Chronic malnutrition: resulting from inadequate nutrition over a long period of time, leading to failure of linear growth and often affecting cognitive development.
-Acute malnutrition: resulting from inadequate nutrition over a short period of time or the onset of a disease leading to a rapid weight loss and often accompanied by acute infections.
What are the 2 types of acute malnutrition?
MAM: Moderate Acute Malnutrition (moderate wasting)
SAM: Severe Acute Malnutrition (severe wasting and/or oedema)
What are the 3 clinical forms of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) or Protein Energy Malnutrition?
- Marasmus: extreme thinness or severe wasting
- Kwashiorkor: nutritional oedema or bilateral pitting oedema
- Marasmic-Kwashorkor: a combination of both
Clinical Symptoms of Marasmus
Wasting of subcutaneous fat and muscles
Wrinkled face
Increased appetite
Mild skin and hair changes
Sunken eyeballs
Irritable (mood changes)
Clinical Symptoms of Kwashiorkor
Wasting of muscles and preservation of subcutaneous fat
Moon face
Loss of appetite
Intense skin lesions (Dermatosis) and hair changes
Growth failure
Pitting oedema
Fatty liver
Psychomotor retardation
Lack of interest in the surroundings (apathy)
What is MUAC
Mid-upper Arm Circumference: is a measure commonly used to identify people suffering from acute malnutrition.
It can be used in children (0-59 months) and in adults.
Flexible measuring tape (left relaxed arm).
Colour representation in MUAC
Red: SAM
Yellow: MAM
Green: Normal
Nutritional Oedema
Thumb pressure for 3 seconds
Children with nutritional oedema are classified as SAM regardless of the anthropometric measures.
What are the Micronutrient Deficiencies in Malnutrition?
Iron, Vitamin A and Iodine
Treatment Approach for Malnutrition
Therapeutic milk
Plumpy nut
What is Malaria?
An infectious disease (Mosquito bite). Infects liver cells and then red blood cells.
What drug is used to prevent Malaria?
Chemoprophylaxis
Explain Hookworm
Infection that causes develop of malnutrition
Preventative and control of hookworm
Preventative chemotherapy
Sanitation
Health education
Explain Diarrhoea
Usually owing to infection of the gastrointestinal tract by pathogenic:
-Poor wash
-Viruses
-Bacteria
-Parasites
What are the 3 types of diarrhoea?
Acute watery diarrhoea - lasts several hours or days, includes cholera
Acute bloody diarrhoea - also called dysentery
Persistent diarrhoea - 14 days or longer
What is dehydration?
Loss of water and electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium and bicarbonate) are not replaced
3 types of dehydration
- Early dehydration
- Moderate dehydration: Thirst, decreased skin elasticity, sunken eyes
- Severe dehydration: shock, with diminished consciousness, lack of urine output, rapid pulse, low or undetectable blood pressure and pale skin. Death can follow severe dehydration
What is ORS?
Oral Rehydration Solution
Solution of clean water, sugar and salt (sugar enhances salt absorption)
What is PEM?
Protein-energy malnutrition. Results when the body’s need for protein quality (essential amino acids), energy fuels or both cannot be satisfied by the diet.
- Kwashiorkor - protein quality deficiency
- Marasmus - Mainly energy deficiency
Loss of >30% of body protein results in reduced:
Muscle strength for breathing
Reduced immune function
Reduced organ function that death results
Disease and deficient Nutrient relationship:
Anaemia - Iron
Xerophthalmia - Vitamin A
IDD - Iodine
Beriberi - Thiamine
Pellagra - Niacin
Scurvy - Vitamin C
Ariboflavinosis - Riboflavin
Rickets - Vitamin D
