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Biochemistry > Malnutrition > Flashcards

Malnutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What does cholesterol form?

A

Steroids hormones

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2
Q

What are the 2 roles of vitamins?

A

> cofactors involved in enzymatic reactions
(water soluble vitamins ONLY)

> antioxidants

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3
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

a collection of symptoms that forms a distinct clinical condition

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4
Q

What are the 4 examples of protein energy malnutrition?

A

Kwashior Kor
Cachexia
Phthitis
Marasmus

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5
Q

What is the cause of Kwashior Kor?

A

Lack of protein in diet

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of Kwashior Kor?

A 
Oedema
Diarrhoea
Potbelly
Changes in hair + nails
Desquamating skin rash
Decrease in linear growth
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7
Q

What is oedema?

A

Excessive accumulation of fluid in tissues

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of oedema?

Which type of oedema occurs in Kwashior Kor?

A

> Pitting = press down, remove + v slowly springs back to original shape
Non-pitting

Pitting

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9
Q

What are the 2 ‘areas’ oedema can occur?

A

Local
- e.g. after injury/inflammation

General
- more serious (can have heart/kidney failure)

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10
Q

In which parts of the body can general oedema occur?

What are the names for these conditions?

A

> within chest cavity
= ‘plural oedema’

> abdomen
= ‘ascites’

> within alveoli
= ‘pulmonary oedema’

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11
Q

What causes oedema?

A

Decrease in albumin

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12
Q

Where is albumin produced?

What are its 2 roles?

A

Liver
from amino acids

Act as a carrier

Maintains colloid osmotic pressure
–> exerts attractive force that helps to keep water in blood

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13
Q

How does a decrease in albumin lead to oedema in Kwashior Kor?

A 
Reduction in protein intake
-> decreased amino acids
-> decrease in albumin produced
-> lower attractive force on water in blood
= water moves into interstitial space
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14
Q

Define diarrhoea

A

Bowel movements of increased frequency, volume + liquidity

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15
Q

What are the 3 types diarrhoea?

Which type of diarrhoea is involved in Kwashior Kor?

A

Osmotic
Malabsorptive
Secretory

Malabsorptive

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16
Q

What is osmotic diarrhoea?

What can this be induced by?

A

When water is drawn out of cells into the lumen of the intestine

Chemicals
e.g. sorbitol in sugar-free sweets

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17
Q

What is malabsorptive diarrhoea?

A

Reduced ability to digest/absorb nutrients
due to reduction in digestive enzymes (pancreas) + reduction in absorption (intestine)

  • > partially digested food enters the large intestine
  • -> stimulates diarrhoea
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18
Q

How long do cells at the tip of villi in the small intestine live for?

How are they replaced?

A

2-3 days

By stem cells differentiating

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19
Q

Through which 2 ‘mechanisms’ does partially digested food enter the large intestine?

A

Intestine

Pancreas

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20
Q

What are the 6 types of cells in the small intestine?

A 
Goblet cells
Enterocytes
Pit cells
Stem cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Paneth cells
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21
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Secrete mucus:
> protects epithelium from stomach acid
> lubricates food

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22
Q

What do paneth cells do?

A

Produce bactericidal lysozyme

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23
Q

What do enterocytes do?

A

Absorptive

located at ends of villi

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24
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

Secrete hormones

–> Metabolic affects

25
Q

What do pit cells do?

A

Secrete prostaglandins

26
Q

What do stem cells do?

A

Replace the other cell types

27
Q

What role does the intestine play in malaborsptive diarrhoea?

A

Insufficient amino acid uptake
–> reduction in SA
–> reduction in nutrient absorption
= partially digested food in large intestine

28
Q

What are the 2 functions of the pancreas?

A

Endocrine

Exocrine

29
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A 
Produces hormones:
> insulin (by beta cells)
> glucagon (alpha)
> somatostatin (delta)
> pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
> ghrelin (episilon)
30
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Acinal cells

  • produce digestive enzymes e.g. amylase + lipase
  • -> secreted into ducts

Ductal cells
- transport to intestine

31
Q

What role does the pancreas play in malaborptive diarrhoea?

A

Reduced amino acid intake
–> can’t produce digestive enzymes in pancreas
–> reduces ability to digested food
= partially digested food in large intestine

32
Q

What causes potbelly?

A

Hepatomegaly

= enlarged liver

33
Q

What changes occur in hair in Kwashior Kor?

A

Alternating bands of poor (light) + good (dark) growth

34
Q

What changes occur in nails in Kwashior Kor?

A

Finger clubbing

= nail bed thickens

35
Q

What happens if you have a desquamating skin rash?

A

Outer layers of epidermis sloughs off

36
Q

What causes a desquamating skin rash?

A

Reduction in proteins that help keep strata together

37
Q

What are the 6 layers of epidermis?

What is the dermis made up of?

A 
Strata corneum
" leucidum 
" granulosum
" spinosum
" basale

Fibroelastic tissue

38
Q

What is Cachexia?

A

Extreme weight loss/low body weight associated w/ cancer, AIDS + TB

39
Q

What causes cachexia in cancer patients?

A

Hyper-catabolism of proteins + lipids in healthy cells by cytokines to supply cancerous cells
–> converted into energy

40
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Hormone-like substances that act in a paracrine fashion to mediate immune response

41
Q

What are the 3 categories of cell signalling?

A

Endocrine
Autocrine
Paracrine

42
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Secretes hormones into blood

- has effect far away from cell where it’s produced

43
Q

What does the autocrine system do?

A

Produces substances that have an effect on themselves

44
Q

What does the paracrine system do?

A

Has an effect on a neighbouring cell

45
Q

What are the 2 groups of cytokines?

Give examples.

A

Inflammatory cytokines:

  • Tumour necrosis factor alpha
  • TNF2
  • Interleukin 6

Tumour-derived catabolic factor
- Proteolysis inducing factor

46
Q

What effect do Proteolysis inducing factors (PIF) have?

How does death normally occur?

A

Initiate protein breakdown via proteasome pathway
(Ubiquitin is bound to the protein = ticketing it for degradation)

Through erosion of respiratory muscles

47
Q

What are the chemical constituents of carbohydrates?

A

CH2O

48
Q

What are the chemical constituents of fats?

A

C, H + O

49
Q

What are the chemical constituents of proteins?

A

C, H, O, N, P + S

50
Q

What is are the functions of fats?

A

> Provide heat + energy
Transport fat-soluble vitamins
Necessary for nerve sheath + formation of bile

51
Q

What are the 2 groups of amino acids?

A

Essential
- derived from diet

Non-essential
- produced by body

52
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Provide amino acids for:
>Formation of cells, growth + repair
>Synthesis of hormones
>Synthesis of plasma proteins

53
Q

What are the functions of water?

A

> regulation of body temp
major component of blood tissue fluid
formation of urine + faeces

54
Q

What are the functions of roughage?

A

> adds bulk to diet

> stimulates peristalsis + bowel movements

55
Q

What are the 2 types of vitamins?

Group the vitamins

A

Water soluble :
B1, B2, B6, B12, C, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, floats, biotin + choline

Fat soluble:
A, D, E + K

56
Q

What are the 2 types of malnutrition?

A

Food deprivation
e.g. protein energy malnutrition

Psychiatric

e. g. anorexia nervosa
e. g. elderly - isolation or dementia

57
Q

What is phthisis?

A

Any disease resulting in wastage of tissue

58
Q

What is marasmus?

A

Severe wasting in infants

Biochemistry (14 decks)

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