Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal > Malignancy > Flashcards

Malignancy Flashcards

1
Q

Where does renal adenocarcinoma arise from?

A

Proximal tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common adult renal malignancy?

A

Renal adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the histological subtypes of renal adenocarcinoma?

A

Clear Cell

Papillary

Chromophobe

Bellini Type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can cause renal adenocarcinoma?

A

FH

Smoking

Anti-hypertensive medication

Obesity

End stage renal failure

Acquired renal cystic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does renal adenocarcinoma present?

A

Asymptomatic

Classic Triad

  • Flank pain
  • Mass
  • Haematuria

Anorexia

Cachexia

Pyrexia of unknown origin

Left varicocele

HTN

Metastatic symptoms, such as haemoptysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What paraneoplastic syndromes are associated with renal cell adenocarcinoma?

A

Polycythaemia

Hepatic dysfunction

Hypercalcaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What investigations are used in renal adenocarcinoma diagnosis?

A

CT Abdomen and Chest

  • Provides radiological diagnosis
  • Complete TNM staging
  • Assesses contralateral kidney

FBC

  • Polycythaemia, paraneoplastic

LFTs

  • Abnormal, paraneoplastic hepatic dysfunction

Ca2+

  • Hypercalcaemia, paraneoplastic

U&Es

US

  • Differentiates tumour from cyst

DMSA or MAG-3 Renogram

  • Asses split renal function if doubts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is renal adenocarcinoma managed?

A

Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy

Immunotherapy for metastatic disease

  • Alpha-interferon and interleukin-2

Insensitive to chemo and radiotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the prognosis of renal adenocarcinoma?

A

90% 5 year survival for T1 disease

0-13% 5 year survival for metastatic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe T1 renal adenocarcinoma

A

Tumour <7cm

Confined within renal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe T2 renal adenocarcinoma

A

Tumour>7cm

Confined within renal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe T3 renal adenocarcinoma

A

Local extension outside capsule

T3a: Into adrenal or peri-renal fat

T3b: Into renal vein or IVC below diaphragm

T3c: Tumour thrombus in IVC extends above diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe T4 renal adenocarcinoma

A

Tumour invades beyond the renal fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the histological classifications of bladder cancer?

A

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Rarer causes are adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, small cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common classification of bladder cancer?

A

90% transitional cell carcinoma, most common except in areas where schistomiasis is endemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What group is bladder cancer most common in?

A

M>F, 3:1

Between 50-80 years

17
Q

What are the causes of transitonal cell carcinoma bladder cancer?

A

Smoking

Aromatic amines/workplace carcinomas

  • Clothing dyes
  • Printing and textile industry
18
Q

What are the causes of squamous cell carcinoma bladder cancer?

A

Schistosomiasis

Long term catheter

Chronic cystitis

Cyclophosphamide therapy

Pelvic radiotherapy

Urachal adenocarcinoma

19
Q

What is the latency period of bladder cancer after exposure to aromatic amines?

A

Up to 20 years

20
Q

How does bladder cancer present?

A

Painless macroscopic haematuria

Recurrent UTI

Storage Bladder Symptoms

  • Dysuria
  • Frequency
  • Nocturia
  • Urgency
  • Urge incontinence
  • Bladder pain
21
Q

What investigations are used in bladder cancer diagnosis?

A

Urinalysis

  • Culture

Upper Tract Imaging

  • US
  • CT Urogram

Cystoscopy or Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumours (TURBT)

  • Histological diagnosis information regarding depth of invasion
  • Urgently within 2 weeks if frank macroscopic haematuria
  • Or 4-6 weeks of dipstix or microscopic

EUA (Pelvic Examination under Anaesthesia)

  • Assesses bladder mass/thickening before and after TURBT
22
Q

Describe Ta bladder cancer

A

Non-invasive papillary

23
Q

Describe Tis bladder cancer

A

Carcinoma in situ

24
Q

Describe T1 bladder cancer

A

Tumour invades lamina propria

25
Q

Describe T2 bladder cancer

A

Tumour invades muscle

26
Q

Describe T3 bladder cancer

A

Tumour extend outside bladder

27
Q

Describe T4 bladder cancer

A

Tumour invades adjacent organs

28
Q

How is non-muscle invasive bladder cancer managed?

A

Transurethral Resection of a Bladder Tumour (TURBT)

Followed by single instillation of intravesical chemotherapy within 24 hours

Weekly BCG immunotherapy for 6 weeks, in which it is squirted into the bladder via catheter, then every six months for 3 years

29
Q

How is muscle invasive bladder cancer managed?

A

Radical cystectomy with ileal conduit

Radiotherapy as neoadjuvant, primary treatment or palliative

IV chemotherapy as neoadjuvant or palliative

30
Q

How does nephroblastoma present?

A

Usually present in first 4 years of life

Mass associated with haematuria

Loin pain

Pyrexia

Often metastasise early, usually to lung

31
Q

Give causes of haematuria

A

Cancer (bladder, renal, prostate)

Stones

Exercise

Sexual Intercoursw

BPH

Prostatitis

Urethritis

IgA nephropathy
Foods

  • Beetroot, rhubarb

Drugs

  • Rifampicin
  • Doxorubicin

Renal (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions