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Pharmacy Y3S1 > Males > Flashcards

Males Flashcards

1
Q

What are androgens sythesised from?

A

Cholesterol

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2
Q

What does the delta 4 pathway do?

A

Converts progesterone to androgens

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3
Q

What is the functions of the testis?

A

Sperm production

Steroid hormone production

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4
Q

What is the function of the Epididymis?

A

Sperm collection and maturation

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5
Q

What is the function of the ductus deferens?

A

Transport and storage

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6
Q

What is the function of the accessory glands?

A

Contributions to seminal fluid

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7
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Transport

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8
Q

Which part of the testes are sperm produced in?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

Which cells are seminiferous tubles surrounded by?

A

Myoid cells?

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10
Q

What do the spaces between seminiferous tubles contain?

A

Leydig cells

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11
Q

Where does the biosynthesis of testosterone occur?

A

In leydig cells

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12
Q

Where does the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) occur and by which enzyme?

A

Sertoli cell

5a-reductase

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13
Q

What is similar about the receptors for all the major classes of steroid hormone?

A

Proteins that have two binding sites (one for steroid and one for DNA)
The binding of steroid produces a complex that acts on DNA
Binding of complex to DNA alters genes expressed
=Transcription factors

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14
Q

What are androgens?

A

Compounds that interact with the androgen receptor

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15
Q

What processes are androgens responsible for?

A

Development of secondary sex characteristic
Anabolic effecs
Spermatogenesis

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16
Q

Which hormones control male sex steroid production?

A

Gonadotrophins (LH and FSH)

17
Q

What controls Gonadotrophin release from the anterior pituitary?

A

Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormon released from the Hypothalamus
Pulsatile release but constant frequency so no fluctuation in LH and FSH

18
Q

Which cells have receptors for FSH and LH?

A

Sertoli - FSHR

Leydig - LH

19
Q

How do the receptors for sex steroids and gonadotrophins differ?

A

Gonadotrophins need receptors at the cell surface wheras the steroids have intracellular receptors

20
Q

What action does LH have on Leydig cells?

A

Stimulates production of testosterone from cholesterol

Cholesterol transported to Sertoli cell

21
Q

What action does FSH have on sertoli cells?

A

Converts T to DHT
ABP binds to T and DHT and concentrates them in the liminal fluid
Stimulated: spermatogenesis, maturation, accessory gland secretions, myoid cell contractile activity

22
Q

Which hormones exert negative feedback?

A

Inhibin from sertoli (on AP)

Testosterone for Leydig (on AP and H)

23
Q

What moves sperm along the seminifeous tubule?

A

Myoid cell contractility

AR-positive cells so action is androgen dependent

24
Q

Where is the sperms ability to swim aquired?

A

Epididymis (DHT-dependent) and further in the female tract

25
Q

Describe semen

A 
1.5-5ml
Sperm count: 40-250 million/ml
Leukocyte count: 0-2000ml
pH: 7.2 - 7.8
Fructose conc: 150-600mg/100ml
26
Q

How much do each of the accessory glands contribute to ejaculate volume?

A

Epididymis and ductus deferens = 5%
Prostatic secretion = 13-33%
Seminal vasicle secretion = 46-80%
Bulbo-urethral gland secretion = 5%

27
Q

What happens during erection?

A

Erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood - arterioles dilated (parasympathetic NS)
Tissues: corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum

28
Q

What controls emission and ejaculate?

A

Sympathetic

29
Q

Examples of drugs causing erectile dysfunction:

A

Tricyclics
SSRIs
Antihypertensives - bb, Ca antagonists

30
Q

Examples of pathological bases for erectile dysfunction:

A

Psychogenic
Neurogenic
Vascular
Endocrine

31
Q

Which drugs can manage erectile dysfunction?

A

PGE1 - Alprostadil

PDE5 - Sildenafil

32
Q

What are the risk factors for prostatic cancer?

A

Age
Ethnicity
Family History

33
Q

What are the symptoms of prostatic cancer?

A

Urgent and frequent urination
Nocturnal enuresis (involuntary urination)
Difficulty starting or emptying the bladder
Urine flow weak, interrupted or difficult to contol
Back/pelvic pain

34
Q

How is prostate cancer pharmacologically managed?

A

Gonadorelin (GnRH) agonists and antagonists
Androgen antagonist - cyproterone acetate
5-a-reductase inhibitors - dutasteride and finasteride

35
Q

How may a contraceptive for males work?

A

Exogenous Testosterone given - will reduce LH and FSH and reduce fertility
Need high doses
Depo

36
Q

What may a male contraceptive cause?

A

Iatrogenic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

Low GnRH and wont have normal growth of cells in intestines

Pharmacy Y3S1 (14 decks)

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