Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacy Y3S1 > Hormones and Endocrinology > Flashcards

Hormones and Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Which hormones cross the membrane and which don’t?

A

Lipid soluble can cross

Water soluble require receptors to cross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Definition of hormones

A

Chemical messenger molecules that circulate in the blood and act on target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between the endocrine, paracrine and autocrine response?

A

Endocrine - wen target cell is some distance away from the secretory cells
Pracrine- Target cell close/adjacent to secretory cell
Autocrine - released, hits target cell then loops back and binds to secretory cell to have negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give examples of small chemicals/modifies amino acids

A

Dopamine

Adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give examples of protein hormones

A 
Oxytocin
ADH
Growth Hormone (somatotropin)
Prolactin
FSH
TSH
Insulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are oxytocin and ADH produced?

A

Posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are Growth Hormone and Prolactin produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of Growth Hormone?

A

Stimulates growth, cell division and regeneration

A mitogen - specific to certain types of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Prolactin?

A

198 residue protein (23kDa)

Closely related to GH and Placental Lactogen (PL) with properties and functions resembling both a hormone and cytokine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are FSH and TSH produced?

A

Anterior Pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

FSH and TSH are hetero-dimeric, what does this mean

A

Both parts bind to the receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why can’t proteins be given by the oral route?

What other routes can be used?

A

Proteins get digested
Injection
Aerosols
Depot formulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which hormones are derived from Tyrosine?

A 
Dopamine
Noradrenaline
Adrenaline
T3
T4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which hormones are derived from Tryptophan?

A

Melatonin

(derived from dietary tryptophan VIA serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is serotonin converted to Melatonin?

A

Pineal Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is structurally similar in steroid hormones?

A

All have teh same basic C17, 4 ring structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones (lipid derived) and their C number

A

Oestradiol C18
Testosterone C19
Progesterone C21
Cortisol C21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can aromatase (Anastazole) inhibitors be used for?

A

Patients with breast cancer (where tumour is oestrogen recpetor positive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two types of endocrine organs?

A

Primary - function is the secretion of hormones

Secondary - non-endocrine function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are the hypothalamus, pituitary and pineal glands?

A

Hypothalamus: below the thalamus, above the brain stem
Pituitary: in a small bone cavity below the hypothalamus
Pineal gland: epithalamus, between 2 hemispheres in the centre of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are the hypothalamus, pituitary and pineal glands?

A

Hypothalamus: below the thalamus, above the brain stem
Pituitary: in a small bone cavity below the hypothalamus (sella turcica)
Pineal gland: epithalamus, between 2 hemispheres in the centre of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What kind of hormones does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin - helps regulate circadian rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are the Thyroid and Parathyroid glands?

A

Neck region just beow the larynx

Sitting above and around the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce and what do these do?

A

Produces T3 and T4
These help regulate metabolism
Produces calcitinin
This regilates production of calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the parathyroid gland produce and why?

A

PTH - parathyroid hormone

When biological signal goes down [Ca] - regulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is the thymus?

A

Close to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens in the thymus?

A

T-lymphocytes mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What hormone does the thymus produce and what does this do?

A

Thymosin

Stimulates activity of T cells and antibody production in the bone-marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which hormones are produces by the Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)?

A 
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Ghrelin
Pancreatic
Polypeptide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How much of the pancreas is assciated with digestion and how much with endocrine function?

A

99% digestion

1% endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is hyposecretion (endocrine disorder)?

A

A gland does not produce enough of its hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is hypersecretion (endocrine disorders)?

A

A gand produces too much of its hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the two tumour types that may develop in endocrine glands?

A

Malignant - cancerous

Benign - non-cancerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Give examples of diseases caused by hypersecretion of hormones

A

Hyperinsulinsim
Cushing’s
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Graves’ disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Give examples of diseases caused by hyposecretion of hormones

A

Diabetes
Hypothyroidism
Addison’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Give examples of two types of endocrine gland tumours

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

Pheochromocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where are the adrenal glands and what are they responsible for?

A

On the top of the kidneys

Release hormones in response to stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the two regions of the adrenal glands and which hormones do they release?

A

Central medulla - adrenaline and noradrenaline

Outer cortex - steroids e.g. cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What effect does cortisol have on steroid synthesis

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which part of the brain detects stress?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What happens when cortisol is released?

A

Increase blood glucose

Has negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which hormones do the ovaries secrete?

A

Steroids - oestrogen and progesterone

Protein hormones - inhibin and relaxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the role of the ovaries?

A

Sexual development and reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the ovaries regulated by?

A 
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

In the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Functions of the testes

A 
Spermatogenesis
Steroid hormones (androgens - mainly testosterone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the testes regulate by?

A

FSH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the role of the placenta?

A

Links developing feotus to the maternal uterine wall

Facilitates nutrient uptake, removal of waste products and gas exchange via the maternal blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which hormones does the placenta produce?

A

Steroids - oestrogen and progesterone

Protein - chorionic gonadotropin (CG), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), placental lactogenic (PL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Which hormones does the placenta produce?

A

Steroids - oestrogen and progesterone

Protein - chorionic gonadotropin (CG), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), placental lactogenic (PL)

51
Q

What hormone does the heart produce and what does it do?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Stimulates kidneys to secrete more salt = decreases excess blood volume (combating high BP and sodium concs)

52
Q

How many hormones does the GIT produce?

A

30

53
Q

What hormones do the kidneys secrete? What does it do?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin
Renin indirectly signals adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
Erythropoietin signals bone marrow to increase RBC production

54
Q

What hormones does the skin secrete?

A

Modified cholesterol with UV exposure becomes Vitamin D precursor
Vitamin D necessary for calcium metabolism - signals intestine to absorb calcium

55
Q

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

56
Q

How does the anterior pituitary link to the hypothalamus?

A

Circulatory system link:
Parvicellular neurons secrete regulatory hormones into the bloodstream
These travel through the portal system to the AP - triggers secretion of other hormones

57
Q

How does the posterior pituitary link to the hypothalamus?

A

Direct neuro-endocrine link:

Magnocellular neurons have long axons which extend down into the posterior pituitory lobe

58
Q

What is PRH and what does it do?

A

Prolactin Releasing hormone (hypothetical)

Positive effect on the AP to produce prolactin which affects mammary development and lactation

59
Q

What is PIH and what does it do?

A

Prolactin Inhibiting hormone (Dopamine)

Negative effect on the AP to reduce production of prolactin which affects mammary development and lactation

60
Q

What is TRH and what does it do?

A

Thyrotropin Releasing hormone (TRH)
Positive effect on the AP to produce Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) causing secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland

61
Q

What is CRH and what does it do?

A

Corticotropin Releasing hormone (CRH)
Has a positive effect on the AP to produces Adrenocorticotropic hormone (CTH) which affects the Adrenal cortex so more production of steroid hormones

62
Q

What is GHRH and what does it do?

A

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
Has a positive effect on the AP to produce more GH and increase growth and secretion of insulin like growth factors from the liver

63
Q

What is GHIH and what does it do?

A

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (Somatostatin)
Has a negative effect on the AP to produce less GH and reduce growth and secretion of insulin like growth factors from the liver

64
Q

What is GNRH and what does it do?

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GNRH)

Has a positive effect on the AP to increase FSH and LH production and increase goads for the production of sex hormones

65
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Act on another primary endocrine gland to produce effector hormones (Non-tropic act directly on other tissues)

66
Q

Name all the anterior pituitary hormones

A 
FSH
LH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Prolactin
Growth Hormone
67
Q

What is the role of FSH and LH?

A

Sythesised, stored and secreted from the gonadotropes
Stimulates ovaries to produces oestrogen and testes to produce testosterone
LH - role in ovulation and corpus luteum growth. Stimulates androgen secretion by interstitial cells in testes

68
Q

What is the role of ACTH?

A

Sythesised, stored and secreted from corticotropes

Stimulates adrenal gland cortex to produce corticosteroids such as aldosterone and cortisol

69
Q

What is the role of TSH?

A

Sythesised, stored and secreted from the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4

70
Q

What is the most common pituitary tumour? How is this treated?

A

Prolactinoma

Dopamine receptor agonists (PIH) - bromocriptine, cabergoline

71
Q

What is prolactin synthesized and secreted by?

A

Lactotropes

72
Q

What is Growth Hormone synthesized and secreted by?

A

Somatotropes

73
Q

What does hypersecretion of growth hormone cause in children?

A

Gigantism

74
Q

What does hypersecretion of growth hormone cause in adults?

A

Acromegaly

75
Q

What is used to treat acromegaly and how does it work?

A

Somatostatin (GHIH)

Regulates production of GH and affects cell proliferation and growth via somatostatin receptors

76
Q

Why are synthetic analgues (Sandostatin) of somatostatin used?

A

They have a much longer half life

90 mins vs 3 mins

77
Q

What can cause insufficient GH production?

A

Hypothalamic or pituitary tumour
Mutation of GH genes
Head injury or infection
Radiotherapy

78
Q

What can cause GH resistance? (Laron dwarfism)

A

GH binding protein mutations

GH receptor mutations

79
Q

How is somatropin produced?

A

Recombinant DNA technology

80
Q

Which drug is used for severe hypopituitarism? (iv injection)

A

Protirelin

81
Q

Which drug is used to treat endometriosis and infertility? (iv injection)

A

Gonadorelin

82
Q

Which drug is used to treat pituitary diabetes insipidus? (injection)

A

Vasopressin

83
Q

How does oxytocin differ from vasopressin

A

By two amino acids (Phe-Ile) (Arg-Leu)

84
Q

What are the functions of axytocin?

A

Stimulates milk ejection
Stimulates smooth muscle contraction at birth
Establishment of maternal behaviour

85
Q

What is the synthetis form of oxytocin?

A

Pitocin

86
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Binds to receptors on collecting duct cells in kidney = synthesis and insertion of aquaporins into kidney tubules
Water reabsorption promoted

87
Q

What are the two types of diabetes insipidus and how do they differ?

A

Hypothalamic (central) - deficiency in vasopressin secretion

Nephtogenic - kidney is insensitive to vasopressin

88
Q

What is hypothalamic diabetes caused by?

A

Head trauma
Infections
Tumours involving hypothalamus

89
Q

What is nephrogenic diabetes caused by?

A

Renal disease

Mutations in the vasopressin receptor gene or in the gene encoding aquaproin-2

90
Q

How is hypothalamic diabetes treated?

A

Use and exogenous vasopressin

91
Q

How is nephrogenic diabetes treated?

A

Increase water consumption

92
Q

What do pinealocytes secrete?

A

Melatonin

93
Q

What is production of melatonin inhibited by?

A

Light to the retina

94
Q

What can melatonin be used to treat?

A

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and insomnia

95
Q

What does the Zona Glomerulosa produce?

A

Mineralocorticoids - Aldosterone

96
Q

What does the Zona Fasciculata produce?

A

Glucocorticoid - Cortisol

97
Q

What does the Zona Reticularis produce?

A

Adrenal Androgens

Androstendiones

98
Q

What is the rate limiting step of steroidogenesis?

A

Cholesterol to pregenolone

99
Q

What are the physiological actions of Glucocorticoids?

A

Metabolic effects
Anti-inflammatory
Immunosuppressive

100
Q

What are the physiological actions of Mineralcorticoids?

A

Water and Electrolyte balance

101
Q

What are the physiological actions of Adrenal Androgens?

A

Maturation and Development

102
Q

Which corticosteroid binding globulin binds cortisol and aldosterone?

A

Transcortin

103
Q

Which steroids does transcortin not bind?

A

Synthetic steroids

104
Q

Which steroids does albumin bind?

A

Synthetic and natural

105
Q

What action do steroids have?

A

Changes in gene transcription and translation

Alter synthesis of specific proteins

106
Q

What is the mechanism of mineralocorticoids?

A

Cause Na uptake leading to fluid reabsorption and K loss

107
Q

What is the role of spironolactone?

A

Competitive inhibitor of MC receptors

Diuretic and antihypertensive

108
Q

What actions does cortisol have?

A 
Lipolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Protein catabolism 
Sensitising blood vessels 
Reduce inflammation 
Negative feedback
109
Q

Give examples of short acting steroids and how long do they act for?

A

8-12 hours
Hydrocortisone
Fludrocortisone

110
Q

Give examples of intermediate acting steroids and how long do they act for?

A

12-36 hours

Prednisolone

111
Q

Give examples of long acting steroids and how long do they act for?

A

36-72 hours
Dexsmethasone
Betamethasone

112
Q

Example of a mixed GC/MC activity steroid

A

Prednisolone

113
Q

Example of a pure GC activity steroid

A

Dexamethasone
Betamethasone
Beclomethasone

114
Q

Example of a mainly MC activity steroid

A

Fludrocortisone

115
Q

How are steroids used in replacement therapy and which ones are used?

A

Addison’s Disease
Hydrocortisone (GC) with/without fludrocortisone (MC)

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Dexamethasone, betamethasone

116
Q

What are the symptoms of Addison’s disease?

A 
Appetite/weight loss
Discolouration of skin
Dehydration
Increased thirst and urination
Salt,soy sauce, liquorice cravings
Oligomenorrhoea 
No energy or motivation 
Sore/painful, weak muscles and joints
117
Q

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A 
Fault in steroidogenesis pathway
Overproduction of androgens 
Limited/no cortisol negative feedback
ACTH output is raised
So synthetic steroids are used to recover the missing feedback
118
Q

How do steroids act as anti-inflammatories and immunosuppressants?
Give examples

A

They reduce mediators of inflammation and immune responses (prostaglandins, cytokines, NO, IgG)

Hydrocortisone, prednisolone, beclometasone, dexamethasone, budesonide

119
Q

What can overuse of steroids lead to?

A

GC’s:
Drug induced Cushing’s syndrome
Osteoporosis

Increased risk of infection

120
Q

Which drugs are used to target steroidogensis?

A

Aminoglutethimide
Metyrapone
Tetracosatide/Stnacthen

121
Q

What does aminoglutethimide do and what is it used for?

A

Inhibits enzymes in steroid synthesis
Pregnenolone synthase
21-, 11B-, and 18-hydroxylase
Aromatase (E production from T)

Used:
Cushings
Postmenopausal Breast Cancer
Prostate cancer

122
Q

What does Metyrapone do and what is it used for? what are the SE’s?

A

Inhibits 11B-hydroxylase
Reduced GC and MC synthesis

Used:
Cushings
Hyperaldosteronism

SE’s: hirsutism in women because of excess androgens

123
Q

What does tetracosatide/synacthen do and what is it used for?

A

Synthetic peptide and ACTH analogue
Stimulates synthesis and release of adrenal hormones
Used to diagnose adrenal cortical insufficiency

Pharmacy Y3S1 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions