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Anatomy Unit 4 > Male Reproductive System and Bladder > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System and Bladder Flashcards

1
Q

What are the male secretory glands?

A

testis, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

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2
Q

Where is the bulbourethral gland located and where does it empty into?

A

Located in UG diaphragm in deep perineal pouch,

empties into penile urethra

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3
Q

How do gametes get to the ejaculatory duct?

A

Seminiferous tubules -> efferent ductules in testis -> epididymis (initial part of vas defens) -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct

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4
Q

Where does the peritoneum extend in the male and what pouch does it create?

A

Extends to the superior surface of the bladder and over the seminal vesicles + vas deferens, continuing posteriorly onto the rectum

Creates: rectovesical pouch

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5
Q

What is the rectovesical septum?

A

Pelvic fascia separating bladder and prostate from rectum

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6
Q

Which testicle is normally slightly lower?

A

Left testicle

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7
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis and what are its two layers?

A

Embryologic remnant of the descend of the testis, closed sac covering the anterior, lateral, and most of posterior testes

Parietal - external layer separated from visceral layer by fluid
Visceral layer - covers testes intimately except at attachment of epididymis / ductus

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8
Q

What is the sinus epididymis?

A

Dead end recess of tunica vaginalis between bdoy of epididymis and posterolateral surface of testes (the point of peritoneum reflexion)

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9
Q

What is the mediastinum testis? What exits there?

A

Posterior region of testis not covered by tunica vaginalis; site of entry of vasculature, nerves, and lymphatics.

Exiting: efferent ductules from rete testis going into head of epididymis

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10
Q

What are testicular septae?

A

Inward projections of tunica albuginea dividing the testis into 200-300 lobules of seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

What are straight tubules?

A

The efferent ducts which drain lobules containing 1-3 seminiferous tubule, and drain to rete testis

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12
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

Convergence of straight tubules at mediastinum testis forming a meshwork inside

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13
Q

What three arteries supply the testicle?

A
  1. Testicular - primary, from abdominal aorta
  2. Cremasteric - from inferior epigastric, mostly to ductus deferns
  3. Deferential - mostly ductus deferens
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14
Q

What is the deferential artery?

A

Artery originating from superior or inferior vesical artery, supplies mostly ductus deferens.

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15
Q

What drains blood from the testes and what is its function?

A

Pampiniform plexus - functions to cool arterial blood for proper sperm development. Forms testicular vein.

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16
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

Enlargement of pampiniform plexus vessels - main cause of male infertility

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17
Q

What innervates the testes?

A

Sympathetics and visceral afferents which travel with sympathetics.

Derived from aortic and renal plexuses following testicular artery. Vasomotor to arteries -> testes engorge with blood during sexual stimulation

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18
Q

What are the three parts of the epididymis?

A

Head - Located over superior pole of testis, highly convoluted ducts
Body - Posterior border of testis - contains convoluted ducts
Tail - Inferior pole of testis - continuous with vas deferens

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19
Q

What is the course of the vas deferens and what is significant about its relationships?

A

From the tail of the epididymis, through the inguinal canal, expands to form an ampulla posterior to bladder, joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct.

It will go overtop of the ureter (water under the bridge)

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20
Q

What is the relationship of the seminal vesicle to the vas deferens ampulla?

A

Vas deferens ampulla is located medial to seminal vesicles.

21
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicle?

A

Secretion of an alkaline fluid making about 60% of semen volume, producing sperm from the acidic pH of the vagina

22
Q

What forms the ejaculatory duct and where does it drain?

A

The seminal vesicle duct and ductus deferens combine to form the ejaculatory duct which enters the posterior surface of the prostate and drains into the prostatic urethra

23
Q

What is the function of the prostate and where does its venous plexus reside?

A

It is the largest accessory sex gland, producing prostatic fluid (~30% of semen volume)

Venous plexus resides between true fibrous capsule and false capsule derived from pelvic fascia

24
Q

Where are the base and apex of the prostate?

A

Base: Superior part in contact with bladder, beginning of prostatic urethra
Apex: Inferior portion in contact with urogenital diaphragm - surrounded by external urethral sphincter

25
Q

What is the significance of the posterior surface of the prostate?

A

It is related to the seminal vesicles and ampullae of the vas deferens, and also the rectum + rectovesical septum. It can be palpated through the rectum

26
Q

What ligament is related to the anterior surface of the prostate?

A

Puboprostatic ligament - since it is also related to the pubis

27
Q

What urethral sphincter do men have that women do not and where is it? What controls it?

A

Internal urethral sphincter - made of smooth muscle. It is located at the junction between bladder and prostate (superior surface). It is under sympathetic control

28
Q

What is the urethral crest and what is its widening called?

A

Elevated area of posterior prostatic urethra - widens into seminal colliculus

29
Q

What is the seminal colliculus?

A

Widening of urethral crest where the openings of the ejaculatory ducts empty their secretions

30
Q

What are urethral sinuses?

A

Areas adjacent to urethral crest / seminal colliculus which receive the secretions of the prostatic glandular tissue on posterior wall

31
Q

What is the prostatic utricle?

A

The mid-line structure on the seminal colliculus which is homologous to the female uterus

32
Q

What zone of the prostate is prone to benign prostatic hypertrophy? What zones surround this?

A

Transitional zone, which is surrounded anterior by the anterior region, and posteriorly by the central / peripheral zones.

33
Q

What are the anterior and transitional zones of the prostate?

A

Anterior - nonglandular, anterior to other zones

Transitional - surrounding urethra, prone to BPH

34
Q

What is the blood supply to the prostate + seminal vesicles?

A

Inferior vesicle + middle rectal arteries (branches of internal iliac)

35
Q

Where does the deep dorsal vein of the penis drain?

A

Passes inferior to the pubic symphysis before emptying into the prostatic plexus, which has many anastomoses with vesical and rectal plexuses

36
Q

How high can a full bladder fill up to and what separates it from the pubic bones?

A

Fills up to level of umbilicus. Separated from pubic bones by retropubic space

37
Q

What is the fundus / base of the bladder and what does it relate to in males and females?

A

Posteroinferior portion where ureters enter

Male: Rectum
Female: Anterior vaginal wall

38
Q

What is the neck of the bladder and what does it rest on in males and females?

A

Convergence of fundus and inferolateral surfaces - it is the junction of the bladder lumen and the first part of the urethra

Males: sits on base of prostate
Females: sits on levator ani

39
Q

What is the apex of the bladder and what extends from it?

A

Anterior portion extending towards superior edge of pubic symphysis, holds median umbilical ligament

40
Q

What is the main portion of the bladder?

A

The body

41
Q

What is the detrusor muscle?

A

The main muscular component - smooth muscle arranged in layers that forms the wall

42
Q

What is special about the ureteric orifices?

A

They enter the bladder obliquely and are slit-like, so internal bladder pressure keeps them closed to prevent regurgitation

43
Q

What is the trigone of the bladder?

A

The firmly attached mucus membrane between the two ureteric orifices and urethric orifice which is basically smooth. The rest of the mucus membrane is loosely attached and thrown into many folds

44
Q

What is the blood supply the bladder in males / females?

A

Males: Superior vesical, inferior vesical, deferential
Females: Superior vesical, vaginal

45
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the superior vs inferior bladder?

A

Superior: external iliac nodes
Inferior: Internal iliac nodes

46
Q

What is the female prostate and where does it empty?

A

Paraurethral gland, also called Skene’s gland, is between anterior wall of vagina and the urethra. Empties in to the urethra.

47
Q

What is a cystocele? What is a urethrocele?

A

When the tough fibrous wall between a woman’s bladder and her vagina (pubocervical fascia) is torn by childbirth, allowing bladder to herniate into vagina

Urethrocele - prolapse of urethra into vagina which can occur with cystocele

48
Q

Where does the external urethral sphincter surround the urethra?

A

The deep perineal pouch of the UG diaphragm corresponding to the MEMBRANOUS part of the urethra

49
Q

What is the significance of the peripheral zone of the prostate?

A

Most external, surrounds central zone and is prone to prostate cancer. Posteriorly can be palpated in a rectal exam to check for masses

Anatomy Unit 4 (10 decks)

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