Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Unit 4 > Anterior Thigh, Medial Thigh, & Knee Joint > Flashcards

Anterior Thigh, Medial Thigh, & Knee Joint Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

Superior: Inguinal ligament
Lateral: Sartorius muscle
Medial: Adductor longus muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

Medially: Pectineus
Laterally: Iliopsoas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle, from lateral to medial?

A

NAVL

Femoral Nerve
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
Lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why are the femoral arteries a clinically important site for catheterization?

A

Artery: Can be advanced to aorta and its branches
Vein: Can be advanced to IVC and right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the femoral sheath?

A

An extension of transversalis fascia that surrounds the femoral artery and vein, makes up the lateral and intermediate compartments respectively.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the femoral canal? What is the femoral ring?

A

The medial compartment of the femoral sheath, which is an extension of the transversalis fascia.

The canal has a proximal opening into the abdominal cavity called the femoral ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is the femoral ring clinically important?

A

It is a site of potential herniation of abdominal viscera. - Femoral hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the adductor canal and where is it located?

A

It the fascial compartment which is the inferior apex of the femoral triangle where the femoral artery and vein leave. It is located deep to the Sartorius muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the saphenous opening? What covers it?

A

A space in the fascia lata covered by cribiform fascia which is relatively thinner. Transmits the great saphenous vein to drain into the femoral vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the proximal superficial branches of the femoral artery which can be largely ignored?

A

Superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac, superficial external pudendal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the profunda femoris artery? What is its course?

A

Also known as the deep artery of the thigh, it is the proximal branch of the femoral artery which runs parallel to the femoral artery but deep to the adductor longus muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the first branch of the profunda femoris artery which forms significant anastomoses? What are its branches / their course?

A

Lateral circumflex femoral artery - passes deep to rectus femoris

Ascending + transverse branches - anastomoses with arteries around hip joint
Descending branch - passes between rectus femoris and vastus intermdius to anastomose with arteries of knee joint (genicular artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What artery passes posteriorly between the pectineus muscle and the iliopsoas muscle? What is its significance?

A

Medial circumflex femoral artery

Forms blood supply to hip joint and the neck of the femur - only main blood supply, other than weak contribution from obturator artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the adductor hiatus and what vessels pass through it?

A

The opening between the distal attachments of the adductor and hamstring parts of the adductor magnus muscle.

It is the end of the adductor canal, and receives the femoral artery and vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

At what point are the popliteal artery and vein formed?

A

After the femoral artery and vein pass through the adductor hiatus into the popliteal fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What nerves travel with the femoral artery and vein through the adductor canal?

A
  1. Nerve to vastus medialis (motor)

2. Saphenous nerve (sensory) - medial leg, ankle, foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does the femoral artery come from?

A

It is the name of the external iliac artery after it passes under the inguinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the iliopsoas muscle?

A

Origin - psoas from vertebral bodies of T12-L5, Iliacus from iliac fossa
Insertion - Lesser trochanter of the femur
Innervation - Psoas - L1-L3. Iliacus - femoral nerve
Action: Thigh flexion at hip joint, or trunk flexion when thigh is fixed

Forms lateral floor of femoral triangle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the sartorius muscle?

A

Origin - Anterior superior iliac spine
Insertion - Medial tibia (pes anserinus)
Innervation - Femoral nerve
Action - Flexes and laterally rotates thigh while flexing and medially rotating leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior thigh compartment?

A
  1. Iliopsoas
  2. Sartorius
  3. Tensor Fasciae Lata (TFL)
  4. Quadriceps femoris - 4 muscles

All except TFL innervated by femoral nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the tensor fasciae lata muscle?

A

Origin - Anterior superior iliac spine
Insertion - Iliotibial tract
Innervation - Superior gluteal nerve (exception of the anterior compartment)
Action - Thigh flexion, stabilizes knee during leg extension via IT tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the IT tract?

A

Iliotibial tract - A lateral thickening of the fascia lata that inserts on the proximal tibia on the anterolateral surface (Gerdy’s tubercle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the collective action of the quadriceps femoris, and what is its insertion and innervation?

A

They all collectively insert on the tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon, an extension of the quadriceps femoris tendon.

Innervation: Femoral nerve
Action: Extends the leg, also flexes the thigh weakly via the rectus femoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the origins of the four muscles of the quadriceps femoris?

A
  1. Rectus femoris - Anterior inferior iliac spine (flexes thigh)
  2. Vastus lateralis - Lateral lip linea aspera + greater trochanter of femur
  3. Vastus medialis - Medial lip linea aspera & intertrochanteric line of femur
  4. Vastus intermedius - anterior and lateral surface of femur, deep to rectus femoris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does the patellar tendon reflex work?

A

Tapping patellar tendon causes brief stretch of quadriceps muscle, makes L2-L4 reflex arch via femoral nerve. Imediately causes contraction of QF muscle, can test integrity of femoral nerve and spinal segments L2-L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why do patients with femoral nerve injury press on their thigh when walking?

A

Femoral nerve supplies quadriceps femoris. Having a lesion here will weaken leg extension against resistance. They press on their distal thigh to prevent inadvertent flexion at the knee during walking.

27
Q

What are the muscles of the medial thigh compartment?

A
  1. Gracilis
  2. Pectineus
  3. Adductor Longus
  4. Adductor Brevus
  5. Adductor Magnus
  6. Obturator Externus - only non-abductor (laterally rotates)
28
Q

What is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the gracilis muscle?

A

Origin - body of pubis and inferior ramus
Insertion - Pes anserinus on superior medial tibia
Innervation - Obturator nerve
Actions - Leg flexion + medial rotation, weak thigh adductor

29
Q

What is the clinical significance of the gracilis muscle?

A

Can be harvested for transplantation into another body region (i.e. to replace damaged hand muscle)

30
Q

What is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the pectineus muscle?

A

Origin - Superior pubic ramus
Insertion - Pectineal line of femur, inferior to lesser trochanter
Innervation - femoral nerve (exception to this compartment)
Action: Thigh adduction

31
Q

What is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the adductor longus muscle?

A

Origin: Body of pubis inferior to pubic crest
Insertion: Middle third of linea aspera
Innervation: Obturator nerve
Action: Thigh Adduction

32
Q

What is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the adductor brevis muscle?

A

Origin: Body of pubis and inferior ramus (superior to origin of gracilis)
Insertion: Pectineal line of femur, proximal linea aspera
Innervation: Obturator
Action: Thigh adduction

33
Q

What is the origin, insertions, innervations, and actions of the adductor magnus muscle?

A

Origin: Ischiopubic ramus, ischial tuberosity
Insertion:
Adductor - gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medialsupracondylar line of femur
Hamstring - Adductor tubercle on medial epicondyle
Innervation:
Adductor - Obturator nerve
Hamstring - Tibial division of sciatic nerve
Action: Thigh adduction, extension through hamstring

34
Q

What is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the obturator externus muscle?

A

Origin: Margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane
Insertion: Trochanteric fossa of femur (runs posterior to neck of femur, medial to greater trochanter)
Innervation: Obturator nerve
Actions: Thigh lateral rotation

35
Q

What spinal cord levels give off obturator and femoral nerves?

A

Both L2-L4

36
Q

What is the cutaneous sensation supplied by the femoral nerve?

A

Anterior thigh, and skin of medial leg, foot, and ankle via the saphenous nerve

37
Q

What is the saphenous nerve and where does it course?

A

Branch of femoral, gives cutaneous sensation to skin of medial leg, foot, and ankle.

Courses in adductor canal, passes between sartorius and gracilis muscles

38
Q

What does the obturator nerve divide into?

A

Anterior and posterior branches, which relate superficially and deep to the adductor brevis muscle.

39
Q

What are the exceptions in the anterior and medial compartments?

A

Anterior: Psoas and TFL are not innervated femoral
Medial: Pectineus and hamstring portion of adductor magnus are not innervated by obturator

40
Q

What type of joint is the knee, and how is it different in leg flexion and extension?

A

A hinge joint, largest synovial joint. Includes femur / tibia and femur / patella

Flexion: Round surface of articulation between femur and tibia
Extension: Flat surface of articulation between femur and tibia

41
Q

How does the patella appear on X-ray and why?

A

Appears like sunrise / skyline. Fits in V shaped divot in distal anterior surface of femur

42
Q

What is the function of the patella?

A

Redirects the pull of the quadriceps femoris muscle over the knee to the tibia to prevent tendon wear

43
Q

What stabilizes the knee?

A

Primary: Quadriceps femoris tendon
Secondary: Iliotibial tract, tendon insertions across joint, fibrous capsule, menisci, cruciate ligaments, collateral ligaments

44
Q

What is the outer fibrous layer of the joint capsule and what are its medial, lateral, posterior, and anterior extensions?

A

Incomplete thin layer enclosing articular cavity. Formed partly and reinforced by tendinous extensions of muscles across the joint.

Medial: Blends with tibial (medial) collateral ligament, attached to medial meniscus
Lateral: There is a space between the capsule and the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament for the popliteus tendon
Posterior: Oblique popliteal ligament from semimembranous tendon reinfoces
Anterior: No capsule, just the tendons of QF, patella, and patellar ligament. Cutting these would open joint.

45
Q

What is the articular cavity and what is / is not found in there?

A

Inner synovial membrane on all surfaces of the joint except articular cartilage.

Menisci - ARE located in cavity
Cruciate + collateral ligaments - outside articular cavity

46
Q

What is the suprapatellar bursa and what tugs on it?

A

Bursa between distal femur and quadriceps tendon.

During leg extension, the bursa is pulled superiorly from knee joint by the articularis genus muscle

47
Q

What bursae correlate with Housemaid’s knee or Clergyman’s knee?

A

Housemaid’s knee - prepatellar bursa
Clergyman’s knee - Infrapatellar bursa

They have bursitis since it’s outside the joint capsule and they keep hitting floors with their knees without knee pads

48
Q

What are the menisci?

A

Two fibrocartilaginous C-shaped structure attached at each end to intercondylar region of the tibial plateau. They have anterior and posterior horns. They accommodate changes in shape of the articulating surfaces during leg flexion and extension.

They are located between the femoral and tibial condyles.

49
Q

What are the two cruciate ligaments?

A

Anterior and posterior - outside joint capsule, prevent forward or backward displacement.

50
Q

What are the two collateral ligaments?

A

Reinforce joint from sides to limit valgus (knock-knee) or varus (bowlegged)

They are tibial / medial or fibular / lateral

51
Q

Which ways do the cruciate ligaments point from bottom to top?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament - more in the middle, points towards lateral aspect of intracondylar region of femur going up

Posterior cruciate ligament - more posterior, points towards medial aspect of intracondylar region of femur going up

52
Q

What does the ACL prevent?

A

Posterior movement of femur on fixed tibia
Anterior movement of tibia on fixed femur

Prevents leg hyperextension

53
Q

How does ACL compare to PCL?

A

Weaker the PCL and has relatively poor blood supply

54
Q

How is the ACL frequently torn?

A

When leg is flexed and hit from lateral side (valgus force)

55
Q

What is an unhappy triad?

A

Medial meniscus and medial collateral ligament torn. This occurs with ACL tear often since it’s a pivot point for rotation. Medial meniscus + MCL are attached.

56
Q

What is the Lachman test for ACL tear? PCL?

A

Fix the femur. If you can pull the tibia anterior with leg flexed, it’s called an anterior drawer sign

ACL = Anterior drawer
PCL = Posterior drawer

Femur must be fixed for test

57
Q

What does the PCL prevent?

A

Anterior movement of femur with tibia fixed
Posterior movement of tibia with femur fixed
Leg hyperflexion

58
Q

What is the main weight-bearing ligament of the knee and when is it used most?

A

PCL, used most when walking / running downhill (leg is flexed)

59
Q

How can the PCL be injured?

A

Hitting the tibial tuberosity with the leg flexed, like basketball players or an auto crash

60
Q

What meniscus injuries are most frequent and how can you diagnose them?

A

Medial more frequently injured than lateral because medial is less mobile

Tested by rotating knee. Medial rotation causes pain = medial damage. Lateral rotation causes pain = lateral damage.

61
Q

What is the Q angle? How does it relate to normal weight bearing?

A

Angle between a line from ASIS to middle of patella, and mid-patella to tibial tuberosity.

Normal weight bearing falls form femoral head to tibial tuberosity

62
Q

What is genu varum?

A

Bow-legged - causes excess pressure on medial meniscus + stretching of fibular collateral ligament

Can cause osteoarthritis and cartilage degeneration

63
Q

What is genu valgum?

A

Knock-kneed - causes excess pressure on lateral meniscus and stretching of tibial collateral ligament

Can cause osteoarthritis and cartilage degeneration

Anatomy Unit 4 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions