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Endocrine/Reproduction Histology > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Testes

  • Posteriorly associated with the epididymis; both suspended by _ _
  • Surrounded by a dense CT capsule, the _ _
    • Thickens posteriorly, forming _ _
  • _ _ derived from the peritoneum
    • Outer parietal layer lining the scrotum
    • Inner visceral layer, covering the tunica albuginea
A

Testes

  • Posteriorly associated with the epididymis; both suspended by Spermatic Cord
  • Surrounded by a dense CT capsule, the Tunica Albuginea
    • Thickens posteriorly, forming Mediastinum Testis
  • ​Tunica Vaginalis derived from the peritoneum
    • Outer parietal layer lining the scrotum
    • Inner visceral layer, covering the tunica albuginea
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2
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

  • Each lobule contains 1-4 highly convoluted seminiferous tubules
  • Contain _ epithelium
    • _ cells
    • _ cells
  • Tubules surrounded by CT and 3-5 layers of _ _ cells (produce small contractile forces to propel sperm out of tubules)
  • _ cells of _ found in between seminiferous tubules
A

Seminiferous Tubules

  • Each lobule contains 1-4 highly convoluted seminiferous tubules
  • Contain Seminiferous epithelium
    • Sertoli cells
    • Spermatogenic cells
  • Tubules surrounded by CT and 3-5 layers of Peritubular Myoid cells (produce small contractile forces to propel sperm out of tubules)
  • Interstitial cells of Leydig found in between seminiferous tubules
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3
Q

Seminiferous Epithelium

  • Stratified epithelium with unusual characteristics
  • _ cells: columnar cells with extensive processes that surround spermatogenic cells and occupy the spaces between them
    • Organize tubules and extend full thickness of epithelium
    • ***Hallmark: Cyclops Nucleus***
  • _ cells: replicate and differentiate into mature sperm
    • _ (most immature) rest on basal lamina
    • _ (most mature) are attached to apical portion of Sertoli cell, near tubule lumen
A

Seminiferous Epithelium

  • Stratified epithelium with unusual characteristics
  • Sertoli cells: columnar cells with extensive processes that surround spermatogenic cells and occupy the spaces between them
    • Organize tubules and extend full thickness of epithelium
    • ***Hallmark: Cyclops Nucleus***
  • Spermatogenic cells: replicate and differentiate into mature sperm
    • Spermatogonia (most immature) rest on basal lamina
    • Spermatids (most mature) are attached to apical portion of Sertoli cell, near tubule lumen
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4
Q

Sertoli-Sertoli Complex

  • Sertoli cells are bound to one another by unusual Sertoli cell-to-Sertoli cell junctional complex
    • Divides seminiferous epithelium into _ & _ compartments
    • Site of the _ - _ barrier
    • Isolates haploid germ cells (secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm) from systemic circulation
  • Spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes are restricted to _ compartment
  • Mature spermatocytes and spermatids are restricted to _ compartment
  • Early spermatocytes must pass through junctional complex (Basal –> Luminal compartment)
    • Meiosis and Spermiogenesis occur in luminal compartment
  • Sertoli cells serve as “nurse” cells
    • Exchange of substrates/wastes
    • Phagocytose residual bodies (spermiogenesis) and spermatogenic cells that fail to differentiate
A

Sertoli-Sertoli Complex

  • Sertoli cells are bound to one another by unusual Sertoli cell-to-Sertoli cell junctional complex
    • Divides seminiferous epithelium into Basal & Luminal Compartments
    • Site of the Blood-Testis Barrier
    • Isolates haploid germ cells (secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm) from systemic circulation
  • Spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes are restricted to Basal compartment
  • Mature spermatocytes and spermatids are restricted to Luminal compartment
  • Early spermatocytes must pass through junctional complex (Basal –> Luminal compartment)
    • Meiosis and Spermiogenesis occur in luminal compartment
  • Sertoli cells serve as “nurse” cells
    • Exchange of substrates/wastes
    • Phagocytose residual bodies (spermiogenesis) and spermatogenic cells that fail to differentiate
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5
Q

Interstitial Cells of Leydig

  • Present in intertubular space
  • Close to blood vessels and lymphatic channels
  • Steroid producing cells
    • Produce _ (95%)
A

Interstitial Cells of Leydig

  • Present in intertubular space
  • Close to blood vessels and lymphatic channels
  • Steroid producing cells
    • Produce Testosterone (95%)
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6
Q

Spermatogenic Cell Sequence

  • _ spermatogonia: clonally divide (mitosis)
    • Generates copes of itself and/or differentiates into _ spermatogonia
  • _ spermatogonia:
    • Divide (mitosis) and cells immediately enter meiotic prophase as _ spermatocytes
    • Ensures 2x DNA when starting meiotic prophase I
  • Spermatocytes:
    • Two meiotic divisions and inside blood-testes barrier
    • _ spermatocytes –> _ spermatocytes (2)
    • _ spermatocytes –> _ (2)
A

Spermatogenic Cell Sequence

  • Type A Spermatogonia: clonally divide (mitosis)
    • Generates copes of itself and/or differentiates into Type B Spermatogonia
  • Type B Spermatogonia:
    • Divide (mitosis) and cells immediately enter meiotic prophase as Primary Spermatocytes
    • Ensures 2x DNA when starting meiotic prophase I
  • Spermatocytes:
    • Two meiotic divisions and inside blood-testes barrier
    • 1o spermatocytes –> 2o spermatocytes (2)
    • 2o spermatocytes –> spermatids (2)
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7
Q

Spermatids & Spermiation

  • Round ( _ ) spermatids, housed in niches in cytoplasm of Sertoli cells
  • Elongated ( _ ) spermatids, housed in crypts, deep invaginations in Sertoli apical cytoplasm
  • Engaged in _ (last step of spermatogenesis)
    • Develop acrosome and tail, and shape of nucleus
  • Mature spermatids are released via _
    • Intercellular bridges –> _ _ –> lost and mature spermatids are separated
  • Spermatids released into lumen and propelled to epididymal duct
A

Spermatids & Spermiation

  • Round (Early) spermatids, housed in niches in cytoplasm of Sertoli cells
  • Elongated (Late) spermatids, housed in crypts, deep invaginations in Sertoli apical cytoplasm
  • Engaged in Spermiogenesis (last step of spermatogenesis)
    • Develop acrosome and tail, and shape of nucleus
  • Mature spermatids are released via Spermiation
    • Intercellular bridges –> Residual Bodies –> lost and mature spermatids are separated
  • Spermatids released into lumen and propelled to epididymal duct
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8
Q

Sperm Structure

  • _ & _ surrounded by plasma membrane
  • _ contains a flattened, condensed, and elongated nucleus
    • Partially capped by the _ (covers anterior 1/2 of nucleus and contains hydrolytic enzymes)
  • _ is subdivided into 3 pieces
    • _ , _ , _
A

Sperm Structure

  • Head & Tail surrounded by plasma membrane
  • Head contains a flattened, condensed, and elongated nucleus
    • Partially capped by the Acrosome (covers anterior 1/2 of nucleus and contains hydrolytic enzymes)
  • Tail is subdivided into 3 pieces
    • Middle piece
    • Principial piece
    • End piece
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9
Q

Sperm Structure

  • Middle Piece of tail consists of:
    • Helical _ _
    • _
    • Outer dense fibers, surrounding the axoneme and projecting down the tail
  • Principal Piece is the longest segment of the tail
    • Central _ surrounded by a _ _
      • Provides scaffold during sliding/bending of tail during forward _
  • End Piece:
    • Very short segment of tail that only contains the _
A

Sperm Structure

  • Middle Piece of tail consists of:
    • Helical Mitochondrial Sheath
    • Axoneme
    • Outer dense fibers, surrounding the axoneme and projecting down the tail
  • Principal Piece is the longest segment of the tail
    • Central axoneme surrounded by a fibrous sheath
      • Provides scaffold during sliding/bending of tail during forward motility
  • End Piece:
    • Very short segment of tail that only contains the axoneme
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10
Q

Sperm Transport Pathway

Describe the sperm pathway

A

Straight Tubules –> Rete Testis –> Efferent Ductules –> Epididymal Duct –> Ductus (Vas) Deferens –> Ejaculatory Duct

Seminiferous Tubules –> Epididymis –> Vas Deferens –> Ejaculatory Ducts –> Urethra –> Penis

(SEVEn UP)

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11
Q

Epididymis

  • Highly elongated & coiled duct where sperm mature
    • _, _, & _ regions
  • Lined with _ _ epithelium with long & branched _
    1. _ cells: columnar cells extending from lumen to basal w/ stereocilia/stereovilli
    2. _ cells: associated with the basal lamina; undifferentiated precursors of principal cells
  • Sperm maturation consists in acquiring _ _
  • Mature sperm are stored in terminal portion of epididymal duct duct
  • Epididymal duct is surrounded by thin layer of SM (peristalsis of sperm)
  • Lumen contains sperm
  • Epididymis is covered by capsule and tunica vaginalis
A

Epididymis

  • Highly elongated & coiled duct where sperm mature
    • Head, body, tail regions
  • Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with long & branched stereocilia
    1. Principal cells: columnar cells extending from lumen to basal w/ stereocilia/stereovilli
    2. Basal cells: associated with the basal lamina; undifferentiated precursors of principal cells
  • Sperm maturation consists in acquiring forward motility
  • Mature sperm are stored in terminal portion of epididymal duct duct
  • Epididymal duct is surrounded by thin layer of SM (peristalsis of sperm)
  • Lumen contains sperm
  • Epididymis is covered by capsule and tunica vaginalis
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12
Q

Ductus (Vas) Deferens

  • Lined with _ _ epithelia, supported by CT lamina with elastic fibers
  • Muscular wall
    • Inner and outer _ layers
    • Middle _ layer
  • External layer consists of loose CT and adipocytes
  • _ : dilated portion leading directly into prostate gland
    • Distal end receives ducts of seminal vesicle, forming _ _
A

Ductus (Vas) Deferens

  • Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelia, supported by CT lamina with elastic fibers
  • Muscular wall
    • Inner and outer longitudinal layers
    • Middle circular layer
  • External layer consists of loose CT and adipocytes
  • Ampulla: dilated portion leading directly into prostate gland
    • Distal end receives ducts of seminal vesicle, forming ejaculatory ducts
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13
Q

Seminal Vesicles

  • External CT capsule
  • Highly folded mucosa lined by _ _ epithelium
  • Walls of SM layer
A

Seminal Vesicles

  • External CT capsule
  • Highly folded mucosa lined by pseduostratified columnar epithelium
  • Walls of SM layer
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14
Q

Prostate Gland

  • Arranged in Zones:
    • _ Zone (25% of glandular tissue)
    • _ Zone (5% of glandular tissue)
    • _ Zone (70% of glandular tissue) - Prostate CA
    • BPH - cells in _ & _ zones undergo extensive hyperplasia (division) and form nodular masses
  • Fibromuscular stroma occupies anterior surface of gland anterior to urethra
  • Surrounded by capsule
  • Consists of 30-50 branched _ glands
  • Glands lined by _ _ or _ epithelium
  • Lumen contains _ _ (Hallmark calcifications)
A

Prostate Gland

  • Arranged in Zones:
    • Central Zone (25% of glandular tissue)
    • Transition Zone (5% of glandular tissue)
    • Periurethral Zone (70% of glandular tissue) - Prostate CA
    • BPH - cells in Transitional & Periurethral zones undergo extensive hyperplasia (division) and form nodular masses
  • Fibromuscular stroma occupies anterior surface of gland anterior to urethra
  • Surrounded by capsule
  • Consists of 30-50 branched tubuloalveolar glands
  • Glands lined by simple columnar or pseudostratified epithelium
  • Lumen contains corpora amylacea (Hallmark calcifications)
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15
Q

Bulbourethral Glands

  • Compound _ glands under control of testosterone
  • Lined with _ _ epithelium
A

Bulbourethral Glands

  • Compound tubuloaveolar glands under control of testosterone
  • Lined with simple columnar epithelium
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16
Q

Penis

  • Consists of cylindrical, columnar masses of erectile tissue
    • Right/Left _ _ (2)
    • Ventral _ _ (contains penile urethra)
  • Columns converge to form shaft of penis
  • _ _ , distal tip of corpus spongiosum
  • Surrounded by an elastic CT fascia
  • Each erectile tissue cylinder is surrounded by dense CT capsule, _ _
A

Penis

  • Consists of cylindrical, columnar masses of erectile tissue
    • R/L corpora cavernosa (2)
    • Ventral corpus spongiosum (contains penile urethra)
  • Columns converge to form shaft of penis
  • Glans penis, distal tip of corpus spongiosum
  • Surrounded by an elastic CT fascia
  • Each erectile tissue cylinder is surrounded by dense CT capsule, tunica albuginea
17
Q

Erectile Tissue

  • Comprised of irregular, interconnected vascular sinuses with fibrocollagenous stroma
  • Vascular sinuses increases in size and rigidity by filling with blood from _ arteries (branches of deep artery of penis)
  • Blood drains from the sinuses via veins
  • During erection, dilation of _ arteries (parasympathetics) results in engorgement of vascular sinuses
  • Compresses and restricts venous outflow
A

Erectile Tissue

  • Comprised of irregular, interconnected vascular sinuses with fibrocollagenous stroma
  • Vascular sinuses increases in size and rigidity by filling with blood from Helicine arteries (branches of deep artery of penis)
  • Blood drains from the sinuses via veins
  • During erection, dilation of helicine arteries (parasympathetics) results in engorgement of vascular sinuses
  • Compresses and restricts venous outflow

CS-corpus spongiosum; PU-penile urethra; UG-urethral glands; SI-vascular sinuses; HA-helicine arteries; CC-corpora cavernosa; TA-tunica albuginea; SM-smooth muscle; CS-cavernous spaces

Endocrine/Reproduction Histology (3 decks)

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