Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine/Reproduction Histology > Follicular Development & Female Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Follicular Development & Female Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Ovaries

  • Lined by _ _ epithelium (OSE)
    • ​Simple squamous-to-low cuboidal OSE has subadjacent dense CT layer, the Tunica _
  • Peripheral Cortex: CT, follicles with _ _
  • Deep Medulla: CT, interstitial cells, neurovasculaure, lymphatics via hilum
A

Ovaries

  • Lined by ovarian surface epithelium (OSE)
    • ​Simple squamous-to-low cuboidal OSE has subadjacent dense CT layer, the Tunica Albuginea
  • Peripheral Cortex: CT, follicles with primary oocytes
  • Deep Medulla: CT, interstitial cells, neurovasculaure, lymphatics via hilum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Follicles

  • Located in _ stroma
  • Contain single oocyte
  • Follicular/granulosa cells surround oocyte and support its growth
  • Early stages of oogenesis occur during _ life
  • Oocytes present at birth remain arrested in _
  • During puberty, small groups of follicles undergo cyclic growth & maturation
  • Cyclic pattern of follicular maturation and ovulation parallels menstrual cycle
A

Follicles

  • Located in Cortical stroma
  • Contain single oocyte
  • Follicular/granulosa cells surround oocyte and support its growth
  • Early stages of oogenesis occur during Fetal life
  • Oocytes present at birth remain arrested in Meiosis I
  • During puberty, small groups of follicles undergo cyclic growth & maturation
  • Cyclic pattern of follicular maturation and ovulation parallels menstrual cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Folliculogenesis

    1. _ Follicles:
      * Numerous throughout cortex
      * Surrounded by simple squamous layer of granulosa cells (recruited to initiate folliculogenesis)
      • Follicular cells that proliferate and become stratified and eventually segregate
        • Cumulus oophorous
        • Mural granulosa cells
        • Corona radiata
    1. _ Follicles:
      * 1. –> 2. when single layer of squamous granulosa cells –> simple cuboidal layer of granulosa cells
      * Basal lamina separates granulosa cells from stroma of ovary
      * _ _ beings to assemble, separates primary oocyte from granulosa cells
A

Folliculogenesis

  • Primordial Follicles:
    • Numerous throughout cortex
    • Surrounded by simple squamous layer of granulosa cells (recruited to initiate folliculogenesis)
      • Follicular cells that proliferate and become stratified and eventually segregate
        • Cumulus oophorous
        • Mural granulosa cells
        • Corona radiata
  • Primary Follicles:
    • Primordial to Primary when single layer of squamous granulosa cells –> simple cuboidal layer of granulosa cells
    • Basal lamina separates granulosa cells from stroma of ovary
    • Zona Pellucida beings to assemble, separates primary oocyte from granulosa cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Late Primary Follicle

  • Stratified layer of granulosa cells but not secondary follicles yet
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Secondary Follicles

  • Stromal cells proliferate into stratified cuboidal epithelium, the _ begins to organize:
    • _ _: vascularized cell layer adjacent to basal lamina supporting granulosa - produces androstenedione which is converted to estradiol
    • _ _: fibrous cellular layer continuous with ovarian stroma
    • ***Small intercellular spaces (_-_ bodies) develop among granulosa cells*** HALLMARK
    • Spaces contain _ fluid, derived from blood vessels of the theca interna, reach antrum by osmotic gradient
A

Secondary Follicles

  • Stromal cells proliferate into stratified cuboidal epithelium, the Theca begins to organize:
    • Theca Interna: vascularized cell layer adjacent to basal lamina supporting granulosa - produces androstenedione which is converted to estradiol
    • Theca Externa: fibrous cellular layer continuous with ovarian stroma
    • ***Small intercellular spaces (Call-Exner Bodies) develop among granulosa cells*** HALLMARK
    • Spaces contain follicular fluid, derived from blood vessels of the theca interna, reach antrum by osmotic gradient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mature (Graffian) Follicle

  • Antrum reaches maximum size
  • Fluid segregates the granulosa cells:
    • _ _: anchor primary oocyte to follicle, nutrient delivery channel
    • _ _ cells: line wall of the follicle, acively synthesize and secrete estrogen, produce follicular fluid
    • _ _: granulosa cells anchored to zona pellucida
A

Mature (Graffian) Follicle

  • Antrum reaches maximum size
  • Fluid segregates the granulosa cells:
    • Cumulus oophorous: anchor primary oocyte to follicle, nutrient delivery channel
    • Mural granulosa cells: line wall of the follicle, acively synthesize and secrete estrogen, produce follicular fluid
    • Corona Radiata: granulosa cells anchored to ZP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ovulatory Phase

  • Mature preovulatory follicle protrudes from ovarian surface, forming a _
  • Proteolytic activity of theca externa and tunica albuginea causes rupture
  • Released gamete:
    • Completes meiosis I –> becomes secondary oocyte (due to LH surge)
    • Still needs to finish meiosis II
    • Enters oviduct
  • Mural granulosa cells and theca interna will repair OSE damage following follicle rupture
A

Ovulatory Phase

  • Mature preovulatory follicle protrudes from ovarian surface, forming a Stigma
  • Proteolytic activity of theca externa and tunica albuginea causes rupture
  • Released gamete:
    • Completes meiosis I –> becomes secondary oocyte (due to LH surge)
    • Still needs to finish meiosis II
    • Enters oviduct
  • Mural granulosa cells and theca interna will repair OSE damage following follicle rupture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Luteal Phase: Luteinization

  • After ovulation, residual mural granulosa cell layer folds, becomes part of _ _ (promotes endometrial changes supporting implantation)
  1. Breakdown of follicle basal lamina
  2. Blood vessels invade empty antrum, blood flows into antral space and coagulates, forming a _ _
  3. Mural granulosa cells –> _ _ cells
    • Hypertrophic, steroid-secreting (progesterone and estrogen w/ FSH and LH stimulation)
    • Expresses LH receptors
  4. Theca interna cells –> _ _ cells
    • Produce androstenedione and progesterone w/ LH stimulation
A

Luteal Phase: Luteinization

  • After ovulation, residual mural granulosa cell layer folds, becomes part of corpus luteum (promotes endometrial changes supporting implantation)
  1. Breakdown of follicle basal lamina
  2. Blood vessels invade empty antrum, blood flows into antral space and coagulates, forming a corpus hemorrhagicum
  3. Mural granulosa cells –> granulosa lutein cells
    • Hypertrophic, steroid-secreting (progesterone and estrogen w/ FSH and LH stimulation)
    • Expresses LH receptors
  4. Theca interna cells –> theca lutein cells
    • Produce androstenedione and progesterone w/ LH stimulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Luteal Phase: Luteolysis

  • Fertilization occurs:
    • CL continues to enlarge and produce progesterone and estrogen
    • Under stimulatory action of hCG from trophoblast layer
  • Fertilization doesn’t occur:
    • CL begins involution stage about 14 days after ovulation
    • Luteolysis, regression of CL, leads to formation of _ _
      • Scar of CT that forms at site of CL after involution (does not involve atresia)
    • Stromal CT replaces degenerating luteal cells
A

Luteal Phase: Luteolysis

  • Fertilization occurs:
    • CL continues to enlarge and produce progesterone and estrogen
    • Under stimulatory action of hCG from trophoblast layer
  • Fertilization doesn’t occur:
    • CL begins involution stage about 14 days after ovulation
    • Luteolysis, regression of CL, leads to formation of Corpus Albicans
      • Scar of CT that forms at site of CL after involution (does not involve atresia)
    • Stromal CT replaces degenerating luteal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Follicular Atresia

  • Follicles that do not ovulate degenerate and form _ follicles
  • _ : failure of a follicle to ovulate
    • Occurs in fetal ovary, after birth, and at any stage of development
  • Ensures only viable follicles, containing oocytes of optimal quality for fertilization, are available
  • _ is the mechanism that ensure regression of the follicle w/o causing inflammatory response
  • _ _: thick folded basement membrane material
A

Follicular Atresia

  • Follicles that do not ovulate degenerate and form Atretic follicles
  • Atresia: failure of a follicle to ovulate
    • Occurs in fetal ovary, after birth, and at any stage of development
  • Ensures only viable follicles, containing oocytes of optimal quality for fertilization, are available
  • Apoptosis is the mechanism that ensure regression of the follicle w/o causing inflammatory response
  • Glassy Membrane: thick folded basement membrane material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Oviduct

  • Regions:
    • Proximal _ with _
    • Long and thin walled _ (lined by _ _ that project into lumen)
    • Short and thick walled _ (lined by _ _ that project into lumen)
    • _ portion opens into uterus
A

Oviduct

  • Regions:
    • Proximal Infundibulum with Fimbriae
    • Long and thin walled Ampulla (lined by Mucosal Folds that project into lumen)
    • Short and thick walled Isthmus (lined by Mucosal Folds that project into lumen)
    • Intramural portion opens into uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Wall of Oviduct

  • Mucosal Layer:
    • Simple columnar epithelium
    • Lamina propria
    • _ cells:
      • Enlarge, grow in height and produce cilia during folliculogenesis (increased estrogen)
      • Loose cilia decrease in height during luteolysis (increased progesterone)
    • _ _ cells (peg cells):
      • Secrete nutrients for egg during migration (increased estrogen)
  • Smooth Muscle Layer
    • Inner circular spiral layer and outer longitudinal layer
  • Serosa Layer with large blood vessels
  • _ contraction of muscular wall and _ activity of epithelial cells, proper oocyte/zygote toward uterus
A

Wall of Oviduct

  • Mucosal Layer:
    • Simple columnar epithelium
    • Lamina propria
    • Ciliated cells:
      • Enlarge, grow in height and produce cilia during folliculogenesis (increased estrogen)
      • Loose cilia decrease in height during luteolysis (increased progesterone)
    • Nonciliated Secretory cells (peg cells):
      • Secrete nutrients for egg during migration (increased estrogen)
  • Smooth Muscle Layer
    • Inner circular spiral layer and outer longitudinal layer
  • Serosa Layer with large blood vessels
  • Peristaltic contraction of muscular wall and Ciliary activity of epithelial cells, proper oocyte/zygote toward uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Uterus

  • _
    • Epithelium = simple columnar with simple tubular glands
    • Functional Layer: lost during menstruation; supplied by spiral arteries
    • Basal Layer: retained during menstruation
  • _ (poorly defined smooth muscle)
    • Central, circular layer: thick with blood vessels –> _ vasculature
    • Outer and inner layers contain longitudinally or obliquely arranged fibers
  • _
    • Serosa covering posterior surface and part of anterior surface (remainder is adventitia)
A

Uterus

  • Endometrium
    • Epithelium = simple columnar with simple tubular glands
    • Functional Layer: lost during menstruation; supplied by spiral arteries
    • Basal Layer: retained during menstruation
  • Myometrium (poorly defined smooth muscle)
    • Central, circular layer: thick with blood vessels –> Stratum vasculature
    • Outer and inner layers contain longitudinally or obliquely arranged fibers
  • Perimetrium
    • Serosa covering posterior surface and part of anterior surface (remainder is adventitia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Endometrium Vasculature

  • _ arteries supply endometrium
    • _ segment supplies basal layer
    • _ segment supplies functional layer, stretches with endometrial growth
  • Before menstruation contraction of the artery occurs at junction
  • Reduced blood flow –> destruction of functional layer
A

Endometrium Vasculature

  • Arcuate arteries supply endometrium
    • Straight segment supplies basal layer
    • Coiled segment supplies functional layer, stretches with endometrial growth
  • Before menstruation contraction of the artery occurs at junction
  • Reduced blood flow –> destruction of functional layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Menstrual Cycle

  • Proliferative Phase:
    • Days 5-14 days
    • Glands proliferate & cover surface
    • Spiral arteries elongate & become convoluted
    • Extend from the basal into functional layer
    • Estrogen dependent
  • Secretory Phase:
    • Days 15-28
    • Glands are convoluted → take on ”saw tooth” appearance
    • Endometrium reaches max thickness
    • Spiral arteries continue to grow & extend into functional layer
    • Considerable leukocyte infiltration (stroma)
    • Estrogen & progesterone
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Menstrual Cycle

  • Ischemic Phase (about 1 day):
    • ​Regression of corpus luteum
    • Reduction in blood supply causes intermittent ischemia
    • Necrosis of functional layer
  • Menstrual Phase (1-4 days)
    • Stratum functionalis has sloughed away
    • Numerous RBCs and leukocyte invasion
    • Stratum basalis remains intact (straight arteries)
A
17
Q

Uterine Cycle

  • Proliferative Phase
    • ​Functional layer is relatively thin
    • Stroma is more cellular
    • Glands relatively straight, narrow, and empty
  • Secretory Phase
    • Function layer less cellular
    • 3-4x thicker than basal layer
    • Tubular glands have lumens with secretory product, zigzag, saw-tooth shape
    • Lacunae are widespread and filled with blood
  • Ischemic Phase
    • Constriction of spiral arteries –> Hypoxia
    • Swelling/breakdown of glands
    • Stroma of functional layer = sponge-like
    • Breakdown of stromal matrix
A
18
Q
  • Pregnancy takes place –> _ cells in LP increas in size, store lipids, and glycogen, _ reaction
    • Due to increased [progesterone]
  • Provides immuno-protective environment for embryo
  • Moderates syncytiotrophoblast invasion
  • Functional layer will be shed as _ at parturition
A
  • Pregnancy takes place –> Decidual cells in LP increas in size, store lipids, and glycogen, Decidual reaction
    • Due to increased [progesterone]
  • Provides immuno-protective environment for embryo
  • Moderates syncytiotrophoblast invasion
  • Functional layer will be shed as Decidua at parturition
19
Q

Cervix

  • Communicates with uterine cavity and vagina through the _
    • Folded mucosa with deep crypts, mimic mucus-secreting tubular glands
  • Cervical Crypts
    • Increase SA of mucus-producing, simple columnar cells
    • Crypt heigh varies with time of menstrual cycle and secretory activity
    • Can become occluded and dilated forming _ cysts
  • Stroma: collagen bundles, some smooth muscle, and abundant vasculature
  • _ : external segment of cervix, lined by _ _ epithelium
  • _ Zone: abrupt epithelial transition between two divisions of cervix
A

Cervix

  • Communicates with uterine cavity and vagina through the Endocervix
    • Folded mucosa with deep crypts, mimic mucus-secreting tubular glands
  • Cervical Crypts
    • Increase SA of mucus-producing, simple columnar cells
    • Crypt heigh varies with time of menstrual cycle and secretory activity
    • Can become occluded and dilated forming Nabothian cysts
  • Stroma: collagen bundles, some smooth muscle, and abundant vasculature
  • Ectocervix: external segment of cervix, lined by Stratified Squamous epithelium
  • Transformation Zone: abrupt epithelial transition between two divisions of cervix
20
Q

Vagina

  • Mucosal Layer: _ _ _ epithelium
    • Kept moist by mucus from uterine/endocervical glands and glands of vestibule
  • Muscularis Layer: circular and longitudinal smooth muscle
  • Adventitial Layer: dense CT
  • ***Hallmark: Vaginal Walls lack glands***
A

Vagina

  • Mucosal Layer: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
    • Kept moist by mucus from uterine/endocervical glands and glands of vestibule
  • Muscularis Layer: circular and longitudinal smooth muscle
  • Adventitial Layer: dense CT
  • ***Hallmark: Vaginal Walls lack glands***

Endocrine/Reproduction Histology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions