Male reproductive system Flashcards
1
Q
Hypospadias
A
- Congenital anomality
- Urethral meatus opens on the ventral surface of the penis
2
Q
Epispadias
A
- Congenital anomality
- Urethral meatus opens on the dorsal surface of the penis
- Less common than hypospadias
3
Q
Balanitis
A
- Inflammation of the glans penis
- Often associated with poor hygiene
- Rare in circumcised individuals
4
Q
Dondyloma Acuminatum
A
- Benign warty growth on genital skin
- Due to HPV 6 and 11
- Characterized by koilocytic change
5
Q
Lymphogranuloma Venerum
A
- Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of inguinal lymphatics and lymph nodes
- STD caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
- Eventually heads with fibrosis. Perianal involvement may result in rectal strictus
6
Q
Squamous cell carcinoma (Penis)
A
- Malignant proliferation of squamous cells of penile skin
- Risk factors: High risk HPV - 16, 18, 31, and 33, lack of circumcision, poor hygiene and venereal disease
- Precursor lesions: Bowen disease, erythroplasia of Queyrat, bowenoid papulosis
7
Q
Cryptorchidism
A
- Developmental failure of a testis to descend into the scrotum
- Most common congenital male reproductive abnormality
- Most cases resolve spontaneously - if not by age of 2, surgery is needed
- Associated with a greatly increased incidence of germ cell tumors - seminoma and embryonal carcinoma
- Associated with testicular atrophy and sterility
8
Q
Testicular torsion
A
- Twisting of spermatic cord
- Leads to hemorrhagic infarction
- Due to congenital filure of testes to attach to inner lining of scrotum
- Presents in adolescents with sudden testicular pain and absent cremasteric reflex
9
Q
Hydrocele
A
- Fluid collection within tunica vaginalis (scrotal sac)
- Associated with incomplete closure of processus vaginalis (infants) or blockage of lymphatic drainage (adults)
- Presents as scrotal swelling that can be transluminated
10
Q
Varicocele
A
- Varicose dilation of multiple veins of the spermatic cord
- Due to impaired drainage
- Presents as scrotal swelling with “bag of worms” appearance
- Usually left-sided - associated with left-sided renal cell carcinoma
- Seen in a large percentage of infertile males
11
Q
Testicular atrophy
A
- Unknown etiology
- May be caused by:
- Orchitis (inflammation of the testicle), esp. mumps
- Trauma
- Hormonal excess or deficiency
12
Q
Orchitis
A
- Infalammation of the testicle
- Causes: Syphilis, mumps virus, autoimme orchitis
- Serum testosterone is decreased, FSH and LH is increased
13
Q
Epididymitis
A
- Inflammation of testicle caused by bacteria
- Causes: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
14
Q
Seminoma
A
- Malignant germ cell tumor
- Most common testicular germ cell tumor
- Peak incidence is in the mid-30s age group
- In rare cases it may produce beta-hCG
- Good prognosis; responds to radiotherapy
- Comprised of large cells with clear cytoplasm and centrally located nuclei
15
Q
Embryonal carcinoma
A
- Malignant germ cell tumor of immature, primitive cells that may from glands
- Hemorrhage mass with necrosis
- Agressive, often metastatic at presentation
- The prognosis is much worse than for seminoma
- Serum beta-hCG is often increased
16
Q
Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor
A
- Malignant germ cell tumor
- Most common testicular tumor in infancy and early childhood
- Causes increase in serum α-fetoprotein (AFP)
- Schiller-Duval body is a classical finding
17
Q
Teratoma
A
- Testicular germ cell tumor
- Derived from two or more embryonic layers
- Most frequently malignant
- Contains multiple tissue types: cartilage islands, ciliated epithelium, liver cells, neuroglia, embryonic gut, or striated muscle
- AFP or beta-hCG may be increased
18
Q
Chriocarcinoma
A
- Malignant germ cell tumor that can occur as an element of other germ cell tumors
- Characteristics includes cells that resembles placental syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts
- Increase in serum beta-hCG
- Highly chemosensitive
19
Q
Leydig cell tumor
A
- Non-germ cell tumor derived from testicular stroma
- Most often benign
- Often characterized by Reinke crystals
- Characteristically androgen-producing tumor, but sometimes produces both androgens and estrogens, and sometime corticosteroids
- Precocious puberty in children
- Gynecomastia in adults
20
Q
Sertoli cell tumor
A
- Non-germ cell tumor derived from the sex cord stroma
- Comprised of tubules
- Usually benign, and clinically silent
- characterized by a paucity of endocrine manifestation
21
Q
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
A
- Hyperplasia of prostatic stroma and glands
- Most frequent cause of urinary tract obstruction
- Extremely common in older men; no increased risk for cancer
- Rubbery, nodular enlargement of the gland - periurethral and transitional zones
- Clinical: problems starting and stopping urine stream, impaired bladder emptying, dribbling, hypertrophy of bladder wall smooth muscle, microscopic hematuria, PSA is often elevated
22
Q
Prostate adenocarcinoma
A
- Malignant proliferation of prostatic glands
- Most common cancer in men; 2nd most common cause of cancer deaths
- Gleason grading system - based on differentiation
- Arises in posterior prostate - clinically silent in the beginning
- Increase in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) - increase in total PSA with a decrease fraction of free PSA
- Spread to lumbar spine is common - osteoblastic metastasis, present as low back pain with increased alkaline phosphatase, PSA and PAP
23
Q
Acute prostatitis
A
- Acute inflammation of prostate, usually du to bacteria
- C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae (young adult)
- E coli and Pseudomonas (older adults)
- Presents as dysuria with fever and chills
- Prostate is tender and boggy on rectal exam
- Prostatic secretions show WBCs; culture reveals bacteria
