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Pathology > Male reproductive system > Flashcards

Male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Hypospadias

A
  • Congenital anomality

- Urethral meatus opens on the ventral surface of the penis

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2
Q

Epispadias

A
  • Congenital anomality
  • Urethral meatus opens on the dorsal surface of the penis
  • Less common than hypospadias
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3
Q

Balanitis

A
  • Inflammation of the glans penis
  • Often associated with poor hygiene
  • Rare in circumcised individuals
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4
Q

Dondyloma Acuminatum

A
  • Benign warty growth on genital skin
  • Due to HPV 6 and 11
  • Characterized by koilocytic change
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5
Q

Lymphogranuloma Venerum

A
  • Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of inguinal lymphatics and lymph nodes
  • STD caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Eventually heads with fibrosis. Perianal involvement may result in rectal strictus
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6
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma (Penis)

A
  • Malignant proliferation of squamous cells of penile skin
  • Risk factors: High risk HPV - 16, 18, 31, and 33, lack of circumcision, poor hygiene and venereal disease
  • Precursor lesions: Bowen disease, erythroplasia of Queyrat, bowenoid papulosis
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7
Q

Cryptorchidism

A
  • Developmental failure of a testis to descend into the scrotum
  • Most common congenital male reproductive abnormality
  • Most cases resolve spontaneously - if not by age of 2, surgery is needed
  • Associated with a greatly increased incidence of germ cell tumors - seminoma and embryonal carcinoma
  • Associated with testicular atrophy and sterility
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8
Q

Testicular torsion

A
  • Twisting of spermatic cord
  • Leads to hemorrhagic infarction
  • Due to congenital filure of testes to attach to inner lining of scrotum
  • Presents in adolescents with sudden testicular pain and absent cremasteric reflex
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9
Q

Hydrocele

A
  • Fluid collection within tunica vaginalis (scrotal sac)
  • Associated with incomplete closure of processus vaginalis (infants) or blockage of lymphatic drainage (adults)
  • Presents as scrotal swelling that can be transluminated
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10
Q

Varicocele

A
  • Varicose dilation of multiple veins of the spermatic cord
  • Due to impaired drainage
  • Presents as scrotal swelling with “bag of worms” appearance
  • Usually left-sided - associated with left-sided renal cell carcinoma
  • Seen in a large percentage of infertile males
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11
Q

Testicular atrophy

A
  • Unknown etiology
  • May be caused by:
  • Orchitis (inflammation of the testicle), esp. mumps
  • Trauma
  • Hormonal excess or deficiency
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12
Q

Orchitis

A
  • Infalammation of the testicle
  • Causes: Syphilis, mumps virus, autoimme orchitis
  • Serum testosterone is decreased, FSH and LH is increased
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13
Q

Epididymitis

A
  • Inflammation of testicle caused by bacteria

- Causes: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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14
Q

Seminoma

A
  • Malignant germ cell tumor
  • Most common testicular germ cell tumor
  • Peak incidence is in the mid-30s age group
  • In rare cases it may produce beta-hCG
  • Good prognosis; responds to radiotherapy
  • Comprised of large cells with clear cytoplasm and centrally located nuclei
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15
Q

Embryonal carcinoma

A
  • Malignant germ cell tumor of immature, primitive cells that may from glands
  • Hemorrhage mass with necrosis
  • Agressive, often metastatic at presentation
  • The prognosis is much worse than for seminoma
  • Serum beta-hCG is often increased
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16
Q

Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor

A
  • Malignant germ cell tumor
  • Most common testicular tumor in infancy and early childhood
  • Causes increase in serum α-fetoprotein (AFP)
  • Schiller-Duval body is a classical finding
17
Q

Teratoma

A
  • Testicular germ cell tumor
  • Derived from two or more embryonic layers
  • Most frequently malignant
  • Contains multiple tissue types: cartilage islands, ciliated epithelium, liver cells, neuroglia, embryonic gut, or striated muscle
  • AFP or beta-hCG may be increased
18
Q

Chriocarcinoma

A
  • Malignant germ cell tumor that can occur as an element of other germ cell tumors
  • Characteristics includes cells that resembles placental syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts
  • Increase in serum beta-hCG
  • Highly chemosensitive
19
Q

Leydig cell tumor

A
  • Non-germ cell tumor derived from testicular stroma
  • Most often benign
  • Often characterized by Reinke crystals
  • Characteristically androgen-producing tumor, but sometimes produces both androgens and estrogens, and sometime corticosteroids
  • Precocious puberty in children
  • Gynecomastia in adults
20
Q

Sertoli cell tumor

A
  • Non-germ cell tumor derived from the sex cord stroma
  • Comprised of tubules
  • Usually benign, and clinically silent
  • characterized by a paucity of endocrine manifestation
21
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A
  • Hyperplasia of prostatic stroma and glands
  • Most frequent cause of urinary tract obstruction
  • Extremely common in older men; no increased risk for cancer
  • Rubbery, nodular enlargement of the gland - periurethral and transitional zones
  • Clinical: problems starting and stopping urine stream, impaired bladder emptying, dribbling, hypertrophy of bladder wall smooth muscle, microscopic hematuria, PSA is often elevated
22
Q

Prostate adenocarcinoma

A
  • Malignant proliferation of prostatic glands
  • Most common cancer in men; 2nd most common cause of cancer deaths
  • Gleason grading system - based on differentiation
  • Arises in posterior prostate - clinically silent in the beginning
  • Increase in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) - increase in total PSA with a decrease fraction of free PSA
  • Spread to lumbar spine is common - osteoblastic metastasis, present as low back pain with increased alkaline phosphatase, PSA and PAP
23
Q

Acute prostatitis

A
  • Acute inflammation of prostate, usually du to bacteria
  • C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae (young adult)
  • E coli and Pseudomonas (older adults)
  • Presents as dysuria with fever and chills
  • Prostate is tender and boggy on rectal exam
  • Prostatic secretions show WBCs; culture reveals bacteria

Pathology (9 decks)

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