male reproductive system

Question 1

how is sperm moved through the male reproductive system

Answer 1

1. sperm manufactured in the testes
2. once mature it moves to the epididymis
3. carried by the ductus deferens to the ejaculatory tube
4. and then passes through the urethra.

Question 2

accessory glands in the male REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Answer 2

Question 3

what temoertaure does testes need to be for spermatogenesis

Answer 3

1.1 d c lower than the rest of the body

Question 4

testes anatomical position

Answer 4

sit inside scrotum which is posterior to the penis. and anterior to the rectum

Question 5

what are the two major muscles in the scrotum

Answer 5

smooth muscle- dartos
* relaxed = wrinkled
* just below the skin
inner skeletal muscle - cremaster
* attached to testis

WORK TG TO REGULATE TESTICULAR TEMP

Question 6

whats the tunica albuginea

Answer 6

fibrous layer that sits over the top of each testis

• areolar connective tisssue
• creates a collagen network
• divides tets into lobules - each testis 250 lobules

Question 7

important fucnton of aerolar connective tissue

Answer 7

provies nutrition to cells

acts as a cushion to protect organs

Question 8

seminiferous tubules

Answer 8

• spermatogenisis occurs here
• they are highly coiled
• present in lobules
• avascular - nurse cells optimise chemical and nutritional environment for spermatogenesis

Question 9

rete testis

Answer 9

• collection of passageways that connect testes to reporductive tract
• sperm leaves lobules via rete testis
• moves from rete testis into efferent ductules
• efferent ductules connect to epidermis

Question 10

what are tje spaces between the tubules in seminiferous tubules filled w

Answer 10

aerolar tissue
blood vessels
interstitial cells

Question 11

what do interstitial cells produce

Answer 11

androgens under control of LH

Question 12

waht do seminiferous tubules alos contain

Answer 12

nurse cells
* extend from the perimeter of the tubule to the lumen
* nourish developing spermatozoa

Question 13

spermatogenisis process

Answer 13

Question 14

spermatogenis mitosis and meiosis

Answer 14

Question 15

whats the final stage of spermatogenisis

Answer 15

spermiogenesis
* immature gametes (spermatids) develop into mature gametes (spermatozoa)

Question 16

where is fsh and lh secreted from

Answer 16

anterior lobe of pit gland
stimulated by GnRH from hypothalamus

Question 17

function of fsh

Answer 17

1. In presence of testosterone it stimulates nurse cells to promote spermatogenesis
2. Inhibin secretion stops FSH secretion by inhibiting GnRH from hypothalamus

Question 18

lh functions

lh functions

Answer 18

targets interstitial fluid
* stimulates secretion oof testosterone and other androgens

Question 19

testosterone four main functions

Answer 19

1. Maintenance of libido
2. Stimulation of muscle and bone growth
3. Creation of male secondary sex characteristics
   * Appear during puberty
4. Maintain accessory glands and organs

Question 20

what are the four distinct regions

Answer 20

head
tail
mitochondrial spiral
neck

Question 21

what does the head contain

Answer 21

nucleus and the acrosome
* acrosome contains enzymes for fertilisation

Question 22

fucntoin of the neck - spermatozoon

Answer 22

contains centrioles of og spermatid

Question 23

mitochondrial spiral

Answer 23

position is key for providing energy for tail movement

Question 24

function of tail

Answer 24

corkscrew motion taht propels spermatozoon forward

Question 25

how do spermatozoa gain nutrition

Answer 25

from surrounding interstitial fluid secretions of accessory gllands is very important

Question 26

WHY DO spermatazooa gain nutrition from surrounding interstitial fluif

Answer 26

do not contain many of the usual organelles or glycogen stores

Question 27

whats capacitation

Answer 27

process by which the spermatoon is prepared for fertilisation the sperm is modified in the vagina

Question 28

how are the sperm changes triggered

Answer 28

bicarb ions diffuse into the cytoplasm cAMP is produced cAM[ triggers changes to the sperm

Question 29

what changes are made to the sperm

Answer 29

Alteration of glycoprotein and lipid composition of PLB Sperm mobility increases hugely Cell membrane is hyperpolarised

Question 30

how does the sperm undergo fusion to the zona pellucida

Answer 30

capacitated sperm pentertates outer layer of follicle cells and binds to the zona pellucida

Question 32

what si the zona pellucida comprised of

Answer 32

different glycoproteins

Question 33

what orevents cross species fertilisation

Answer 33

sperm binding to SPECIFIC glycoproteins

Question 34

when does an acrosome reaction occur

Answer 34

when sperm releases acrosomal enzymes

Question 35

what occurs in the acrosome reaction

Answer 35

enzymes break down zona pellucida - hyaluronidase and acrosin sperm binds to zp3 glycoprotein - ca2+ influx causes exocytosis of acrosomal enzymes Degradation by acrosomal enzymes causes exposure of ZP2 glycoprotein - Sperm binds to zona pellucida as it navigates into the oocyte cytosol

Question 36

how is th ezygote formed

Answer 36

Once sperm is through the zona pellucida it makes contact with the oocyte membrane Rapid proliferation of microvilli from egg surface surrounds the sperm After egg-sperm fusion, the sperm is drawn in head-first - Microvilli are reabsorbed by the egg This structure is now called the zygote

Question 37

why does the sperm provide centrioles

Answer 37

its needed for cell division for blastocyst formation

Question 38

what creates fluid currents

Answer 38

cilia in efferent ductules

Question 39

what are the 4 main functions of the epididymides

Answer 39

1. regulate the composition of fluid in seminiferous tubules 2. recycle damaged spermatozoa - cells of the epididymis break down and absorb cellular products 3. storage of developing spermatozoa 4. prevention of capacitation

Question 40

the ductus deferens

Answer 40

Question 41

anatomy of the ductus deferens

Answer 41

Question 42

where does the ampulla of the ductus deferens sit and the function

Answer 42

sits at the distal end sperm is stored here for severl months inactive with a very low metabolic rate | look at pic

Question 43

what is the function of the urethra

Answer 43

carries both urine and semen from the internal to external environments

Question 44

what are the 4 main functions of the accessory glanf in the male repro system

Answer 44

Stimulation of capacitation Nourishment of spermatozoa Generation of peristatic contractions in both male and female reproductive tracts Production of buffers to neutralise the acidic urethra and vaginal passage

Question 45

what does ejaculate contain

Answer 45

1. Spermatozoa that developed and matured in the testes and epididymis (Spermatozoa+ testicular secretions =5%) 2. Seminal fluid/plasma (95%) that contains a mixture of secretions from accessory glands 3. Seminalplasmin

Question 46

whats seminalplasmin

Answer 46

is an antibiotic provide antimicrobial protection for the spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract.

Question 47

what are the regions the penis is divided into

Answer 47

Question 48

where is the prostate located

Answer 48

posterior to the pubic symphysis and inferior to the bladder around the size of the walnut

Question 49

what are the functions of the prostate

Answer 49

**Secretion of an alkaline fluid**, that makes up the seminal fluid volume (around 70%) Supplies nutrition and lubrication for the sperm lowers pH in the vagina Plasmin is also present in the fluid which is an **antibiotic that prevents UTI’s in males.** produces psa which **breaks down sperm into liquid **

Question 50

whats benign prostate hyperblasia

Answer 50

non cancerous anlargement of the prostate occurs due to ageing related to testosterone and dht changes as we age

Question 51

symptoms of bhp

Answer 51

Urinary frequency Urinary urgency Hesitancy Incomplete bladder emptying Decreased force Dribbling

Question 53

how is bhp diagnosed

Answer 53

blood psa analysis - first line digital rectal exam checking kidney functions and urine culture - to rule out kidney disease and uti ultrasound to determine size of prostate

Question 54

treatment of bhp

Answer 54

Watchful waiting Medication - alpha adrenergic blocker (release symptoms) - 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (inhibit production of DHT) Surgical: - Lazer - Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

Question 55

prostate cancer vs bph

Answer 55

difficult to differentiate using psa levels and dre early stages are difficult to notice

Question 56

treatments for prostate cancer

Answer 56

Watchful waiting Cryotherapy Radical prostatectomy (80-90% SR) Radiation therapy (80-90% SR) Hormone therapy (chemical castration, androgen deprovision therapy) hormones include GnRH antagonists and other androgen suppressants.