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endocrine system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the seven primary organs in the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus
pituitary gkand
thyroid gland
adrenal gland
pancreas
pineal gland
parathyroid gland

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2
Q

what are the six organs with secondary endocrine function

A

heart
thymus
adipose tissue
digestive tract
kidneys
gonads - testes male
ovaries - female

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3
Q

what does the hypothalamus secrete

A

adh and oxytocin

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4
Q

whats the fucntion of adh

A

osmoregulation

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5
Q

whats teh role of oxytocin

A

regulates social bonding/contractions

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6
Q

what does the pineal gland secrete

A

melatonin

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7
Q

what stimulates the production of melatonin

A

darkness stimulates
melatonin applies sleep pressure

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8
Q

where are the parathyroid hormones

A

located behind the thyroid gland

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9
Q

what does parathyroid glands produce

A

parathyroid hormone pth
regukates calcium levels

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10
Q

what does the thyroid gland secrete

A

tetrathyroxine t4 triiofothyronine t3 and calcitonin

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11
Q

whats the role of 3 and t4

A

regulate metablosim

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12
Q

whats the role of calcitonin

A

regulates calcium

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13
Q

what dies the adrenal fland produce

A

adrenaline noradrenaline aldosterone androgens and cortisol

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14
Q

whats the role of adrenal gland hormones

A

regulate fight and flight
body stress responses
regulate blood pressure

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15
Q

whats the exo and endocrine secretions of the pancreas

A

endocrine - secretes insulin and glucagon

exocrine - digestive enzymes

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16
Q

what does the heart secrete

A

atrial natriuretic peptide ANP

17
Q

why is ANP released

A

in response to atrial distension (high pressure)

18
Q

what does the thymus secrete

A

secretes thymosins in response to pathogens

thymosins stimulate t cell production

thymus is only fully active until puberty

19
Q

hwat do the kidneys secret

A

erythropoietin when rbc lvels are low

20
Q

role of erythropoietin

A

stimulates creation of rbcs in bone marrow

21
Q

whta do gonads produce

A

steroid sex hormones

22
Q

what do testes produce

23
Q

what does ovaries produce

A

oestrogens and progesterone

24
Q

how does the hypothalmus regulaet the pituitary gland

A

secretes releasing and inhibitory hormones

25
wahat re the fucntions of the hypothalmus
produces adh and oxt regulates pituitary gland controls sympathetic output to adrenal medullae
26
anatomy of pituitary gland
sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone infundibulum attaches it to hypothalmus has 2 lobes - anterior psoterior
27
what hormones do the pit gland produce
peptides rely on secondary messaging using cAMP
28
HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL STEPS
1. . Blood from the heart enters at the superior hypophyseal artery in the upper infundibulum 2.It is transported to the hypothalamus 3. Hypothalamic regulating hormones are carried to the anterior pituitary lobe through hypophyseal portal veins 4. Regulating hormones adjust activity of endocrine cells in the pituitary gland 5. Blood containing pituitary hormones is delivered to the heart and enters the circulatory system
29
what does the psoterior lobe contain
2 types of hypothalamic axon axons extend through the infundibulum and connect to hypophyseal veins that carry blood to the cardiovascular system
30
adh mechanism
1. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamic neurones detect increased ionic concentration 2. ADH is released which increases water reabsorption at the kidneys 3. ADH also causes vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure which drops during dehydration
31
oxytocin mechanism
1. Oxytocin is released during labour and it causes contraction of smooth muscle in the uterine lining 2.Oxytocin increases during sexual arousal in both men and women 3. Contraction of smooth muscle in the vaginal wall and sperm duct increases probability of fertilisation
32
what are the pit gland hormones that regulates hormone production of other endocrine tissues
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Two gonadotropins - Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - Luteinizing hormone (FH)
33
what are tye 3 pit gland hormones that impacts physiology and metabolism
Prolactin (PRL) Growth hormone (GH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
34
TSH role
also called thyrotropin its release causes secretion of thyroid hormones TSH increases when the hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone
35
ACTH ROLE
is also called corticotropin its release causes adrenal glands to secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline
36
FSH ROLE
promotes follicle and sperm maturation by stimulating release of oestrogens and androgens
37
LH ROLE
induces ovulation and prepares the body for pregnancY stimulates release of oestrogen and progesterone
38
PROLACTIN ROLE
STIMULATES MAMMARY GLAND DEVELOPMENT AND MILK PRODUCTION
39
GROWTH HORMONES (GH)
stimulates cell growth by increasing rates of protein synthesis - Skeletal muscle and bone are very sensitive but all tissues will respond GH binds to plasma membrane receptors which increases permeability to amino acids - More amino acids means more protein

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