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GU-Kidney/Male > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the male reproductive system

A

Teste
Accessory Sex Glands (seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral glands)
Scrotum
Penis

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2
Q

What are paired oval glands that develop, produce sperm and secrete hormones.

A

Testes

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3
Q

How are sperm transported, stored, matured, and conveyed to the exterior?

A

By a system of ducts.

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4
Q

What does semen contain?

A

Sperm plus the secretions provided by the accessory sex glands.

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5
Q

What are lobules?

A

Dense White Fibrous Capsule that extends inward and divides each testis into internal compartments.

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6
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules?

A

Produce sperm by a process called spermatogenesis. Tubule is lined with spermatogenic cells.

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7
Q

What do the Sertoli cells do?

A

Located between the developing sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules, support, protect, and nourish spermatogenic cells;

Phagocytize degenerating spermatogenic cells;

Secrete fluid for sperm transport

Release of the hormone inhibin, which regulate sperm production

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8
Q

Where are the Leydig cells located?

A

Between the seminiferous tubules.

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9
Q

What do the leydig cells do?

A

Secrete the hormone testosterone.

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10
Q

What is the hormone that promotes the development of masculine characteristics?

A

Androgen

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11
Q

What promotes a mans libido?

A

Testosterone

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12
Q

What is a pouch that supports the testes; it consists of loose skin, superficial fascia, and smooth muscle?

A

The Scrotum

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13
Q

What divides the scrotum into two sacs each containing a single testis?

A

Septum

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14
Q

The production and survival of sperm is optimal at what temperature?

A

2-3 degrees Celsius below normal body temperature.

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15
Q

What is Spermatogenesis?

A

The process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce sperm.

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16
Q

How many stages are there of spermatogenesis, and what are they?

A

3 stages

Meiosis I, Meiosis II, Spermiogensis

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17
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

Diploid cells are somatic cells that contain two sets of chromosomes.

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18
Q

What do gametes contain?

A

Gametes contain a single set of 23 chromosomes.

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19
Q

In sexual reproduction an organism results from what?

A

The fusion of two different gametes, one from each parent.

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20
Q

Meiosis occurs in how many stages?

A

Two stages

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

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21
Q

The time from on-set of cell division in a spermatogonium until sperm are re-leased into the lumen of a seminiferous tubule is how many days?

A

65 to 75 days.

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22
Q

The cells formed by meiosis I are what kind of spermatocytes? Having how many chromosomes?

A

Haploid secondary spermatocytes,

23 (replicated) chromosomes.

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23
Q

In the final stage of spermatogenesis, what is happening?

A

Each haploid spermatid develops into a single sperm cell.

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24
Q

Sperm are produced at what rate per day?

A

The rate of about 300 million per day

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25
Q

Once ejaculated, most do not survive more than how many hours in the female reproductive tract?

A

48 hours in the female reproductive tract

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26
Q

What are the major parts of the sperm cell?

A

The head and the tail.

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27
Q

The tail of the sperm are divided into how many parts?

What are the parts?

A

Divided into four parts

Neck, Middle Piece, Principal Piece, End Piece.

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28
Q

Which piece of the tail of sperm contains mitochondria which provides ATP for locomotion?

A

The middle piece.

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29
Q

What is the longest portion of the tail?

A

The principal piece is the longest portion.

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30
Q

What is the terminal, tapering portion of the tail?

A

The end piece.

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31
Q

What is a comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testis?

A

The epididymis

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32
Q

What does the epididymis contain?

A

Each epididymis consists mostly of the tightly coiled ductus epididymis.

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33
Q

What is the site of sperm maturation?

A

The epididymis.

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34
Q

What is sperm maturation?

A

The process by which sperm acquire motility and the ability to fertilize a secondary oocyte.

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35
Q

What also stores sperm and helps propel them during sexual arousal by peristaltic contraction of its smooth muscle into the ductus vas deferens?

A

The ductus epididymis

36
Q

What ascends along the posterior border of the epididymis and
penetrates the inguinal canal, a passageway in the front abdominal wall?

A

The ductus deferens

37
Q

Functionally, the ductus deferens do what? stores sperm, which can remain viable here for up to
several months.

A

Stores sperm, which can remain viable here for up to
several months.

38
Q

What is a supporting structure of the male reproductive system?

A

Spermatic Cord

39
Q

How are the ejaculatory ducts formed?

A

Formed by the union of the duct from the vas deferens to the seminal vesicles.

40
Q

(c) The ductus deferens has a heavy coat of what?

A

Three layers of muscle.

41
Q

What is the terminal duct of the male reproductive system, serving as a passageway
for both sperm and urine?

A

The urethra

42
Q

In the male, the urethra passes through what ?

A

The prostate, deep perineal muscles and penis

43
Q

The opening of the urethra to the exterior is called what?

A

External urethral orifice

44
Q

What secretes most of the liquid portion of semen?

A

Accessory sex glands

45
Q

What are pouch-like structures, lying posterior to the base of the urinary
bladder and anterior to the rectum?

A

Seminal vesicles

46
Q

What do the seminal vesicles secrete?

A

Secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose,
prostaglandins, and clotting proteins.

47
Q

The alkaline nature of the seminal vesicle fluid helps to do what?

A

To neutralize the acidic environment of the male
urethra and female reproductive tract that otherwise would inactivate and kill sperm

48
Q

The fructose is used for what?

A

ATP production by sperm

49
Q

Prostaglandins contribute to what?

A

Sperm motility and viability and may also stimulate
muscular contraction within the female reproductive tract.

50
Q

Fluid secreted by the seminal
vesicles normally constitutes about percentage of the volume of semen?

A

60% of the volume of semen.

51
Q

Clotting proteins help what?

A

Semen coagulate after ejaculation

52
Q

What is a single, doughnut-shaped gland about the size of a golf ball?

A

The prostate

53
Q

What is inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the upper portion of the urethra?

A

The prostate

54
Q

What secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid?

A

The prostate

55
Q

Prostatic secretions make up about what percentage of the volume of semen?

A

25% of the volume of semen

56
Q

The paired bulbourethral glands are about what size?

A

The size of peas

57
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A

They are located inferior to the prostate on either side of the urethra.

58
Q

During sexual arousal, the bulbourethral glands secrete an alkaline substance into the
urethra glands that does what?

A

That protects the passing
sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in the urethra.

59
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands secrete?

A

They secrete mucus that lubricates the end of the penis and the lining of the urethra,
thereby decreasing the number of sperm damaged during ejaculation.

60
Q

Semen is a mixture of what?

A

Mixture of sperm and the secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate, and
bulbourethral glands.

61
Q

The volume of semen in a typical ejaculation is what?

A

2.5 to 5 milliliters, with 50 to 150
million sperm per milliliter.

62
Q

When the number of sperm falls below the male is likely to be
infertile?

A

20 million per milliliter,

63
Q

semen has a slightly alkaline pH of?

A

Semen has a slightly alkaline pH of 7.2 to 7.7

64
Q

Prostatic secretion gives semen what kind of appearance?

A

A milky appearance

65
Q

Fluids from the seminal
vesicles and bulbourethral glands give semen what kind of consistency?

A

Give it a sticky consistency.

66
Q

Semen also contains what that can destroy certain bacteria?

A

An antibiotic

67
Q

The antibiotic may help control what? the abundance of naturally occurring bacteria in the
semen and in the lower female reproductive tract.

A

The abundance of naturally occurring bacteria in the
semen and in the lower female reproductive tract.

68
Q

What contains the urethra and is a passageway for the ejaculation of semen and the
excretion of urine?

A

Penis

69
Q

Describe the penis.

A

Cylindrical in shape and consists of a root, a body, and the glans penis

70
Q

The distal end of the corpus spongiosum penis is a slightly enlarged region called what?

A

Glans penis

71
Q

Define erection.

A

The first visible sign of sexual excitement is erection, the enlargement and stiffening
of the penis.

72
Q

How does an erection happen?

A

Parasympathetic impulses cause release of neurotransmitters and local hormones,
including the gas nitric oxide, which relaxes vascular smooth muscle in the penile
arteries.

73
Q

Define ejaculation.

A

Ejaculation, the powerful release of semen from the urethra to the exterior, is a
sympathetic reflex coordinated by the lumbar portion of the spinal cord

74
Q

What hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary to increase its secretion of
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

75
Q

LH stimulates Leydig cells, which are located between seminiferous tubules, to secrete
the hormone testosterone

A

Lutenizing Hormone

76
Q

This steroid hormone is synthesized from cholesterol in the
testes and is the principal androgen. What hormone is this?

A

Luteinizing Hormone

77
Q

What acts in a negative feedback manner to suppress secretion of LH by the
anterior pituitary and to suppress secretion of GnRH by hypothalamic neurosecretory
cells?

A

Testosterone

78
Q

In some target cells, such as those in the external genitals and prostate, an enzyme
converts testosterone to another androgen called what?

A

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

79
Q

What acts together to stimulate spermatogenesis?

A

FSH and testosterone act together to stimulate spermatogenesis

80
Q

Once the degree of spermatogenesis required for male reproductive functions has
been achieved, Sertoli cells releases what hormone, named for its inhibition of
FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary?

A

inhibin, a hormone named for its inhibition of
FSH secretion

81
Q

Inhibin thus inhibits what?

A

The secretion of hormones needed for spermatogenesis

82
Q

Before birth. what stimulates the male pattern of development of reproductive
system ducts and the descent of the testes?

A

Testosterone

83
Q

What stimulates development of the external genitals?

A

DHT

84
Q

What contributes to male sexual behavior and spermatogenesis and to sex drive
(libido) in both males and females?

A

Androgens

85
Q

Androgens are what kind of hormones?

What do these hormones do?

A

Androgens are anabolic hormones; that is, they stimulate protein synthesis.

GU-Kidney/Male (4 decks)

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