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Endo/Repro Exam 2 > Male Reproductive Histology > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Histology Flashcards

1
Q
  • Tunica albuginea thickens posteriorly to form the _ testis containing _ testis
  • Tunica albuginea is surrounded by _ (which has two layers)
  • First layer surrounds scrotum?
  • Second layer lines tunica albuginea?
A
  • Mediastinum, rete
  • Tunica vaginalis
  • Parietal tunica vaginalis
  • Visceral tunica vaginalis
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2
Q

What forms a lobule?

A
  • Seminiferous tubules + Leydig cells
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3
Q
  • Seminiferous tubules
    • What are the two cell types present?
    • What cells surround them?
  • Ends of tubules are located near _ of testis
A
  • Sertoli cells, spermatogenic cells
  • Peritubular (myoid) cells
  • Mediastinum
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4
Q
  • Ends become _ tubules (tubulus rectus)
    • Proximal-_ cells
    • Distal- _ cells
  • Straight tubules are continuous with _
    • Rete restis= anastamosing connection w/in mediastinum (simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium)
A
  • Straight
  • Sertoli
  • Simple Cuboidal
  • Rete testis
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5
Q
  • Identify the labeled structures in the following image
A

Top-tunica albuginea

  • Seminiferous tubules
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6
Q
  • Epididymis
    • Contains _ ductules that are surrounded by a thin layer of smooth muscle and aid in peristalsis
    • Lies along _ and _ surface of testis
    • Important for sperm _
A
  • Efferent
  • Superior, posterior
  • Maturation
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7
Q
  • Head of epididymis
    • What is present?
    • Histo characteristics?
  • Body of epididymis
    • What is present?
    • Histo characteristics?
  • Tail of epididymis
    • What is present?
      *
A
  • Head
    • Efferent ductules
    • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Body
    • Duct of epididymis (principal cells)
    • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia
  • Tail
    • Connects epididymis to ductus deferens
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8
Q
  • What is a unique feature about the epididymis
A

Smooth lumen

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9
Q
  • Identify the following
A

1) Principal Cells
2) Basal Cells
3) Smooth muscle
4) Dense connective tissue

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10
Q
  • Ductus (vas) deferens
    • What type of epithelium is present
    • What muscle layers are present
    • What surrounds them?
A
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia
  • Muscular wall
    • Inner and outer longitudinal layers
    • Middle circular layer
  • Surrounded by loose CT and adipocytes
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11
Q
  • _ is the dilated portion of the vas deferens leading into the prostate
  • _ mucosal folds that show glandular _
  • Distal end receives ducts of the _ (forming the ejaculatory duct)
A
  • Ampulla
  • Taller, branched, diverticula
  • Seminal Vesicles
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12
Q
  • Key histological features of the ductus deferens
A
  • FOLDED LUMEN
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13
Q
  • Spermatogenic cells
A
  • Replicate and differentiate into mature sperm
  • Originate from primordial germ cells in the yolk sac
  • Organized in layers of progressive development between sertoli cells w/in seminiferous tubules
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14
Q
  • Spermatogonial phase
A
  • Sperm stem cells become:
    • Type A (stay as reserve stem cells or become Type B)
    • Type B (enter meiosis to become mature sperm)
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15
Q
  • Primary spermatocytes come from _ division of Type B spermatogonia (n=?, d=?)
  • Secondary spermatocytes come from _ of primary spermatocytes n=?, d=?)
  • Spermatids come from _ of secondary spermatocytes n=?, d=?)
A
  • Mitotic (n=2,d=4)
  • Meiosis I (n=1,d=2)
  • Meiosis II (n=1,d=1)
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16
Q
  • What are the phases of spermiogenesis?
A
  • Golgi phase
  • Cap phase
  • Acrosome phase
  • Mature phase
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17
Q
  • Golgi phase
A
  • Hydrolytic enzymes from golgi form acrosome around the nucleus
    • Creates ANTERIOR pole
    • Centrioles migrate to POSTERIOR pole
18
Q
  • Cap phase
A
  • Acrosomal vesicle enlarges and spreads over nucleus and creates a cap
  • Nuclear envelope attaches to acrosomal sac
19
Q
  • Acrosomal phase
A
  • Spermatid orients itself so head is embedded in Sertoli cell and points towards basal lamina
  • Developing flagellum extend into lumen of seminiferous tubules
  • Manchette is formed from cytoplasmic microtubules-involved in protein trafficking
20
Q
  • Maturation phase
A
  • Excess cytoplasm removed as residual bodies (taken up by Leydig cells) to create mature spermatozoon
  • Spermatids released from Sertoli Cells into lumen of seminiferous tubules
21
Q
  • Structure of mature sperm
A
  • Head
    • w/ acrosome, nucleus
    • Nucleus covered 2/3 by acrosomal cap (w/ hydrolytic enzymes)
  • Tail
    • Midpiece-mitochondria
    • Principal piece-fibrous sheath
    • End piece-axonemal complex (connects MTs together)
22
Q
  • Sperm pathway
A
  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Straight tubule (tubulus rectus)
  • Rete testis
  • Efferent ductule
  • Epididymal duct (body/tail)
  • Ductus (vas) deferens
  • Ejaculatory duct
23
Q
  • Sertoli cells
    • Epithelium type
    • Function
    • Bound together via _ complexes that form _ junctions and create a blood-testis barrier and basal/luminal compartment
    • Secrete _
A
  • Columnar w/ extensive apical and lateral processes
  • Structural support/ organization to seminiferous tubules and developing spermatozoa
  • Sertoli cell to sertoli cell
  • ABP (binds DHT and T)
24
Q
  • What cell type is indicated in the following image?
A
  • Sertoli cells
25
Q
  • Tunica/Lamina Propria
    • What happens to this during aging?
    • What is associated with excessive thickening of this layer at a young age?
A
  • Layers of myoid cells, create peristaltic waves helping move spermatozoa and testicular fluid
  • Thickens, decreased rate of sperm production and reduced size of seminiferous tubules
  • Infertility
26
Q
  • Myoid cells are located in the _
  • Spermatogonia are located on the _ side of the seminiferous tubules
  • Spermatids are located on the _ side of the seminiferous tubules
A
  • Lamina propria
  • Basal
  • Luminal
27
Q
  • Leydig cells
    • Located in the _
    • Secrete _ and _
    • Histological features
A
  • Interstitium
  • Testosterone, Insulin Like Protein 3
  • Large, polygonal eosinophilic cells containing lipid droplets
    • ​Crystals of Reinke-rod-shaped cytoplasmic crystals of androgenic hormones
28
Q

Functions of Testosterone during the following periods of development:

  • Embryo
  • Puberty
  • Adulthood
A
  • Embryo
    • T needed for gonad development
    • INSL3-descent of testes
  • Puberty
    • T-sperm production, accessory sex gland secretion, 2ndary sex characteristics
    • INSL3-promotes meiotic divisions in seminiferous tubules
  • Adult
    • T-mainetenance of spermatogenesis, 2ndary sex characteristics, accessory sex glands
      • Secrete oxytocin to stimulate contraction of myoid cells and move sperm towards efferent ductules
29
Q
  • What are the accessory sweat glands?
A
  • Prostate
  • Seminal Vesicles (2)
  • Bulbourethral Glands (2)
30
Q
  • What is shown in the following image?
A
  • Bulbourethral glands
31
Q
  • Seminal vesicles
    • Paired _ glands on posterior surface of urinary bladder
    • Parallel to _ of ductus deferens
  • Excretory duct joins with ampulla of ductus deferens to form _
  • Layers?
  • Secretion:
  • pH
  • Contents
A
  • Tubular
  • Ampulla
  • Ejaculatory ducts
  • Layers:
    • Mucosa-folded to increase secretory surface area
    • Smooth muscle-contraction during ejaculation
    • Fibrous coat
  • Pseudostratified columnar NON CILIATED
    • ​Basal side: Short round cells
    • Luminal side: Tall, non-ciliated columnar cells
  • Secretion
    • Alkaline
    • Fructose, AAs, ascorbic acid, prostaglandins to nourish sperm
32
Q
  • Bulbourethral glands
A
  • Paired pea sized glands in urogenital diaphragm
  • Joins with initial portion of spongy urethra
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Secretions:
    • ​Alkaline
    • Clear, mucus like with galactose, sialic acid, methylpentose
  • Main portion of preseminal fluid
    • lubricares spongy urethra and neutralizes traces of acidic urine
33
Q
  • Prostate
    • Epithelium present
    • Secretion
    • Zones
A
  • Simple columnar or pseudostratified epithelium
  • Clear, slightly alkaline (7.29) to neutralize acidic environment of vagina
  • 4 Zones
    • Peripheral-palpable on DRE (prostate cancer)
    • Transitional (BPH)
    • Central
    • Periurethral (right next to urethra)
34
Q
  • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
A
  • Occurs in Transitional zone (will develop in periurethral zone later in the disease)
  • Nodular masses of epithelial cells
  • Sx:
    • Inability to void bladder
    • Urinary frequency
    • Nocturia
    • Difficulty starting/stopping stream
    • Excessive dribbling
    • Dysuria
  • 50% will show sx
35
Q
  • Prostate Cancer
A
  • Prostatic adenocarcinoma
  • Tumors occur typically in peripheral zone (DRE makes this easily palpable)
  • PSA (Prostate specific antigen) test used to monitor the progress of the disease
  • Most cases are asymptomatic until late stages of the disease:
    • Urinary freq
    • Dysuria
    • Hematuria
    • Low back pain (metastasize to lower lumbar vertebrae)
36
Q
  • Semen is made up of secretions from what structures?
  • pH =?
  • How many sperm released per ejaculation?
A
  • Testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands
  • 7.7-neutralizes spongy urethra and vagina
  • 300 mil, 20% abnormal, 25% immotile
37
Q
  • Pathway of sperm transport
A
  • SEVEN UP
  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Ejaculatory ducts
  • nothing
  • Urethra
  • Penis
38
Q
  • Erectile tissue
    • Comprised of irregular, interconnected _ with fibrocartillagenous stroma
    • Deep a. of penis runs within the R/L _
      • Branches into Helicine arteries
      • Blood fills sinuses-increases size and rigidity
    • Sinuses anastamose with veins allowing blood drainage
      • Engorgement of sinuses (during erection) compresses and restricts _, blood trapped in sinuses, mainetenance of erection
A
  • Vascular sinuses
  • Corpus Cavernosum m
  • venous outflow
39
Q
  • Erection is a _ response
  • Comes from signals from _ nerves
  • Stimulates release of _ and activates Gt and activates _
  • Leads to smooth muscle _ and increased bloodflow into sinusoids of erectile tissue
  • Increased blood flow leads to _ compression in penis
  • Compression of _ leads to swollen (tumescent) and rigid penis
A
  • Parasympathetic
  • Pelvic splanchnic
  • NO, cGMP
  • Smooth muscle relaxation (decreased concentration of Ca2+ in smooth muscle cells)
  • Venous
  • Veins
40
Q
  • _ initiates termination of erection (detumescence)
  • Activation leads to _ of smooth muscle and _ blood flow to sinusoids of erectile tissue
  • Decreased blood flow to the sinusoids, leads to opening of _ and release of blood from sinusoids
  • _ breaks down cGMP and leads to _ in smooth muscle relaxation
  • _ inhibitors used to treat ED
A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Contraction, increased
  • Veins
  • PDE (phosphodiesterase
  • PDE inhibitors used to treat ED

Endo/Repro Exam 2 (9 decks)

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