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Repro > Male Repro + Quiz questions > Flashcards

Male Repro + Quiz questions Flashcards

1
Q

Sperrmatogenesis

A

process of producing spermatozoa
3 phases:
1. proliferation
2. Meiotic
3. differentiation

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2
Q

Spermatogonia

A

most prrimitive cell
- diploid
located in basal compartment

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3
Q

spermatocyte

A

primary and secondary
- undergo meiosis to form spermatids

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4
Q

spermatid

A

spherical, haploid cell
undifferentiated spermatozoa

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5
Q

spermatozoa

A

differentiated haploid cell with potential for motility and fertilization

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6
Q

what is required for successful spermatogenesis?

A

pulsatile GnRH (from hypothalamic tonic center)
High T in seminiferous tubules
Low T in systemic blood: to avoid feedback on hypothalamic secretion of GnRH = LH, FSH
Adequate LH receptors in leydig cells

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7
Q

leydig cells = ?
- what receptors are found within them?

A

theca interna cells
- LH receptors = produce P4 => mostly converted to T

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8
Q

Sertoli cells = ? with what receptors

A

*Granulosa cells
- FSH receptors = recruits spermatogonia into spermatogenesis
Converts T in E = estrogen concentrations = exert negative feedback on GnRH
- secreted INHIBIN

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9
Q

Conceptus

A

Embryo before hatching from zone pellucida
- embryo + extra embryonic membranes before attachment
- fetus + embryonic membranes after attachment

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10
Q

Embryo

A

Early stages when species cannot be identified

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11
Q

Fetus

A

Species can be identified

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12
Q

The endometrium corresponds to which layer of the uterus:

Mucosal layer
Muscular layer
Serosa layer

A

Mucosal layer

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13
Q

Which of the following species has an ovulation fossa associated with its ovary?
Porcine
Bovine
Canine
Equine

A

Equine

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14
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence regarding follicular development?
A. primary follicle, secondary follicle, antral follicle, ovulation, corpus luteum
B. corpus luteum, primary follicle, ovulation, antral follicle, secondary follicle
C. corpus luteum, primary follicle, ovulation, secondary follicle, antral follicle
D. secondary follicle, corpus luteum, primary follicle, ovulation, antral follicle

A

primary follicle, secondary follicle, antral follicle, ovulation, corpus luteum

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15
Q

The ovarian structure that forms immediately after ovulation is known as a
Zona pellucida
Corpus luteum
Corpus hemorrhagicum
Corpus albicans

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

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16
Q

Type I vaginal prolapse

A

Thickening of vaginal floor which does not protrude from vulvar lips

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17
Q

Type II Vaginal prolapse

A

Tongue or pear-like prolapse of ventral vaginal floor

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18
Q

Type III vaginal prolapse

A

Donut-like, circumferential prolapse of mucosa

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19
Q

Which of the following is generally NOT a recommended treatment for puppy vaginitis?
Benign neglect
Allow to go through a heat cycle
Probiotics
Systemic antibiotics

A

Systemic antibiotics

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20
Q

Pyometra typically occurs during which stage of the estrous cycle in the bitch?
Anestrus
Diestrus
Proestrus
Estrus

A

Diestrus

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21
Q

Select which criteria is required to pursue medical management of pyometra in the bitch?
Increased renal ezymes
Valuable breeding animal
No evidence of renal compromise
Has had a previous litter
Fever
Young age

A

Valuable breeding animal
No evidence of renal compromise
Young age

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22
Q

Cyclicity of a horse

A

Seasonally polyestrous (LONG DAY)

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23
Q

Cyclicity of a sheep

A

Seasonally polyestrous (SHORT DAY)

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24
Q

Cyclicity of a cow

A

Non-seasonally polyestrous

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25
Q

Cyclicity of a dog

A

Monoestrus

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26
Q

In an induced ovulator species, which hormone must be triggered by the event of mating to induce ovulation?
LH
Oxytocin
FSH

A

LH

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27
Q

What produced progesterone?

A

Ovaries

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28
Q

What produces testosterone

A

Thecal cells

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29
Q

What produces inhibin?

A

Dominant follicle

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30
Q

What is the site of action of the GnRH?

A

Anterior pituitary

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31
Q

What is the site of action of LH?

A

Theca cells

32
Q

What is the site of action of FSH?

A

Granulosa cells

33
Q

What is the site of action of Inhibin

A

Anterior pituitary

34
Q

During oogenesis, the oocyte undergo two meiotic arrests. What causes (trigger) the resumption of meiosis in each arrest, respectively?
LH surge; Fertilization
Puberty; Ovulation
Ovulation; Fertilization
GnRH; LH surge

A

LH Surge; fetilization

35
Q

The luteal phase of the cycle is characterized by which dominant hormone?
Testosterone
Estradiol
Progesterone
FSH

A

Progesterone

36
Q

True or False: Standing heat in the bitch occurs in the presence of ELEVATED progesterone and DECREASED estradiol.

A

True

37
Q

Which hormone is the primary luteolysin in the cow?
Estradiol
PGF2a
PGE
Progesterone

A

PGF2alpha

38
Q

True or false? Melatonin suppresses cyclicity in the short day breeder.

A

False

39
Q

Which stage of the estrous cycle is characterized by follicular growth and development?
Metestrus
Estrus
Proestrus
Diestrus

A

Proestrus

40
Q

Seminal plasma is produced primarily by which of the following
Accessory sex glands
Corpus cavernosum
Seminiferous tubules
Ductus deferens

A

Accessory sex glands

41
Q

The muscle responsible for emptying the penile urethra is the :
Ischiocavernosus muscle
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Retractor penis muscle
Urethralis muscle

A

Urethralis muscle

42
Q

The function of the blood-testis barrier is
To prevent temperature fluctuations within the testicular parenchyma
To maintain blood flow to the scrotum
To prevent immune recognition of interstitial (Leydig) cells
To prevent immune recognition of germ cells

A

To prevent immune recognition of germ cells

43
Q

Which of the following scenarios will only result in temporary reduction in fertility in a clinically normal animal?
Testicular trauma
A testicular torsion
Multiple successive ejaculations
Severe epididymitis

A

Multiple successive ejaculations

44
Q

Spermatozoa present in the head of the epididymis are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT?
Lack of motility
A proximal cytoplasmic droplet
Low fertilization capability
A distal cytoplasmic droplet

A

A distal cytoplasmic droplet

45
Q

All of the following are methods in which thermoregulation of the testicular parenchyma takes place EXCEPT?
Contraction and relaxation of the cremaster muscle.
Fluid increases within the vaginal cavity around the spermatic cord and testes
Evaporative cooling of the testes.
The counter current heat exchange in the pampiniform plexus.

A

Fluid increases within the vaginal cavity around the spermatic cord

46
Q

Which of the following is the correct pathway of spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules to the urethra?
Efferent tubules, colliculus seminalis, ductus deferens, epididymis
Efferent tubules, ductus deferens, epididymis, colliculus seminalis
Efferent tubules, epididymis, ductus deferens, colliculus seminalis
Epididymis, efferent tubules, ductus deferens, colliculus seminalis

A

Efferent tubules, epididymis, ductus deferens, colliculus seminalis

47
Q

BPH

A

Non-painful, symmetrical enlargement of prostate. Age related

48
Q

Acute prostatitis

A

Painful, enlarged prostate. Vomiting, depression, and fever are common

49
Q

Chronic prostatitis

A

PMN’s in semen. Dog is not sick. Decreased fertility

50
Q

Prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

Older, neutered males. Non-painful, non-symmetrical prostatic enlargement

51
Q

Which of these is considered an immediate emergency?
A 7 year-old stallion who sustained a breeding injury 2 hours ago; he no longer has an erection but the penis appears too edematous to retract into the prepuce
A 5 year-old gelding with a large mass preventing retraction of the penis into the prepuce
A 14 year-old gelding with an ulcerated mass on the tip of his penis. The inguinal lymph nodes are not palpable at this time
A 20 year-old gelding with inability to retract the penis into the prepuce for 4 days

A

A 7 year-old stallion who sustained a breeding injury 2 hours ago; he no longer has an erection but the penis appears too edematous to retract into the prepuce

52
Q

Which of these is NOT a treatment for priapism?
Shunt creation between the corpus spongiosum and the corpus cavernosum
Suturing of the penis into the prepuce
Systemic anticholinergics
Lavage of the corpus cavernosum

A

Suturing of the penis into the prepuce

53
Q

Which of these is a risk factor for paraphimosis?
Temperohyoid osteoarthropathy
Obesity
Phenothiazine tranquilizers
Emaciation/debilitation

A

Emaciation/ debilitation

54
Q

In the case of penile hematoma (broken penis), where would the swelling be localized?
At and just cranial to the preputial orifice
Within the vaginal tunic of the scrotum
Between the base of the scrotum and the preputial orifice
Caudoproximal to the base of the scrotum

A

Between the base of the scrotum and the preputial orifice

55
Q

What is the best treatment option for a genetically valuable intact male dog with prostatitis
castration only
antibiotics and castration
antibiotics only
antibiotics and finasteride

A

Antibiotics and finasteride

56
Q

GnRH in the male

A

Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

57
Q

LH in the male

A

Stimulates the Leydig cells to produce testosterone

58
Q

Inhibin

A

Decreases FSH secretion from the AP

59
Q

ABP in the male

A

Concentrates testosterone within testicular parenchyma

60
Q

All of the following could be associated with testicular hypoplasia EXCEPT?
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
cryptorchidism
brucella associated orchitis/epididymitis
sex chromosome abnormalities

A

Brucellosis associated orchitis/ epididymitis

61
Q

Sertoli cell tumors are most commonly associated with cryptorchidism in which species?

A

Dog/ canine

62
Q

Which of the following species is usually born with descended testicles?
Equine
Canine
Rabbit
Bovine

A

Equine + bovine

63
Q

Which sequence below describes the correct developmental sequence during spermatogenesis?
- stem cell–spermatogonia–primary spermatocyte–spermatid–spermatozoa
- stem cell–spermatogonia–secondary spermatocyte–primary spermatocyte–spermatid–spermatozoa
- stem cell–spermatogonia–primary spermatocyte–secondary spermatocyte–spermatozoa
- stem cell–spermatogonia–primary spermatocyte–secondary spermatocyte–spermatid–spermatozoa

A

stem cell–spermatogonia–primary spermatocyte–secondary spermatocyte–spermatid–spermatozoa

64
Q

Regarding sexual differentiation of the brain, is the following statement true or false?

“Estradiol causes the fetal brain to differentiate into a male pattern of gonadotropin secretion”.

A

True

65
Q

Differentiation of genital ducts and external genitalia in males requires:

Estradiol and AMH
Alpha-Fetoprotein and TDF
Testosterone and DHT
AMH and Testosterone

A

AMH + testosterone

66
Q

Exocytosis of the cortical granules into the perivitelline space following secondary binding of the sperm with the ooplasm is important because:

It triggers the resumption of meiosis
It causes hyperactivated motility in the sperm
It results in fusion of the male and female pronuclei
It causes hardening of the ZP and blocks polyspermy
It completes the process of oocyte maturation

A

It causes hardening of the ZP and blocks polyspermy

67
Q

Male tubular genitalia develops from the:

both the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts
the paramesonephric duct
the gubernaculum
the mesonephric duct

A

Mesonephric duct

68
Q

Which of the alternatives below correctly describes statements #1, #2 and #3 regarding sexual differentiation of the brain, respectively:

Aromatase in the brain is responsible for converting testosterone into estradiol.
Absence of estradiol in the brain allows for develop of the surge center in females.
Alpha-fetoprotein binds androgens in males and allows for “defeminization” of the brain

A

True, true, false

69
Q

Regarding sexual differentiation of the brain, is the following statement true or false?

“Estradiol causes the fetal brain to differentiate into a male pattern of gonadotropin secretion”.

A

True

Correct! In the female fetus, Estradiol is bound by alpha-fetoprotein and cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. In males, testosterone does not bind to alpha-fetoprotein and enters the brain, where it is converted to Estradiol by the enzyme Aromatase.

70
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding freemartinism in cattle?

The freemartin heifer is most likely sterile
The condition occurs when a female is born co-twin to a male
The freemartin heifer is a XX/XY chimera
The freemartin gene is linked to polledness in cattle

A

The freemartinism gene is linked to polledness in cattle

71
Q

Which is the most common type of intersex condition found in dogs?

True hermaphrodite
Male Pseudohermaphrodite
XXY Mosaic
Female pseudohermaphrodite

A

Male Pseudohermaphrodite

72
Q

Which is one way to PREVENT polled-intersex syndrome in goats?

Do not keep doe kids born co-twin to a male
Do not breed polled does to polled bucks
Do not breed horned does to horned bucks
Do not supplement progesterone during pregnancy

A

Do not breed polled does to polled bucks

73
Q

Which of the following conditions often occurs in intersex animals?

Ambiguous external genitalia
Hypospadias
All can be seen in intersex animals
Cryptorchidism

A

All can be seen

74
Q

Which of the following is the earliest stage in embryogenesis?

Hatching blastocyst
Morula
Zygote
Early blastocyst

A

Zygote

75
Q

In later stages of fetal development (after mid-gestation) which of the following embryonic structures is the SMALLEST?

Chorioallantois
Yolk sac
Allantoic cavity
Amnion

A

Yolk sac

76
Q

How would one differentiate a morula from an early blastocyst microscopically?

The presence of a blastocoele
The number of cells present
The presence of pronuclei
The presence of a zona pellucida

A

The presence of a blastocoele

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