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Repro > Female repro anatomy > Flashcards

Female repro anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Ovary

A

Produces gametes and hormones that influence the rest of the reproductive tract

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2
Q

Oviduct

A

Optimal environment for fertilization and optimal pre-attachment development of the early embryo

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3
Q

Uterus

A

Environment for sperm transfer, early embryogenesis and site for attachment of the conceptus

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4
Q

Cervix

A

barrier that secretes mucous in estrus and produces cervical seal in pregnancy

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5
Q

vagina

A

copulatory organ that produces mucous for lubrication during estrrous

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6
Q

what are the components of the female repro tract

A
  1. ovaries
  2. oviduct
  3. uterus
  4. cervix
  5. vagina
  6. external genitalia
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7
Q

how many layers are found in the tubular organs? What are these organs with respect to female genitalia

A

4 layers
oviducts
uterus
cervix
vagina

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8
Q

What are the 4 layers found in tubular organs?

A

Serosal layer: continuous with peritoneum; single layer of squamous cells
Muscularis layer: circular (ext) and longitudinal (internal) layer of smooth muscle; provides ability to contract
Submucosa: contatins BVs, nerves
Mucosa: secretes substances vital for function of each region; lined with different type of epithelium depending on organ

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9
Q

Broad ligament

A

double layered peritoneum
- provides physical support and houses BVs, nerves and LNs

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10
Q

what are the 3ish components of the broad ligament?

A

mesovarium
mesosalpinx
mesometrium

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11
Q

Mesovarium

A

supports ovarries and supplies the blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to ovaries and forms the hilus

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12
Q

what is not part of the broad ligament but attaches the ovary to the uterus

A

utero-ovarian ligament or proper ligament of the ovary

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13
Q

Mesosalpinx

A

thin, serous part of the broad ligament
supports the oviducts
forms. brursa that surrunds the ovary
orients the infundibulum so that the ova released at ovulation have a high probability of entering the oviduct

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14
Q

Mesometrium

A

largest and most conspicuous part of the broad ligament
- supports the uterine horns and body of the uterus

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15
Q

function of the ovaries

A

produce gametes
produce estrogen and progesterone
CL produces relaxin, inhibin, oxytocin and activin

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16
Q

what is the outer connective tissue layer of the ovaries?

A

tunica albuginea

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17
Q

how is the ovary of the mare different from that of other species?

A

cortex in center, under medulla
ovulation fossa - where ovulation takes place
CL prortrude into ovarian tissue rather than out of surface
*in all other species the cortex is under the tunica albuginea with medulla within that

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18
Q

folliculogenesis

A

development of follicles from immature to a mature and becomes candidates for ovulation

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19
Q

what are the types of follicles?

A
  1. primordial follicle
  2. primary follicle
  3. secondary follicles
  4. antral (or tertiary) follicles
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20
Q

what is the most immature follicle type?

A

primordial follicles

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21
Q

Primary follicles

A

do not divide as females are born with a lifetime supply of primordial and primary follicles
- either develop into secondary follicles or degenerate

22
Q

Secondary follicles

A

two or more layers of follicular cells
- follicular antrum start to develop
- oocyte has a thick surrounding layer = zona pellucida

23
Q

Antral (or tertiary) follicles

A
  • large fluid filled antrum with follicular fluid
24
Q

when the antral follicle becomes a dominant pre-ovulatory follicle it can be known as _____________

A

Graafian follicle

25
Q

what are the 3 layers of the antral follicle?

A
  1. theca eterna- surrounds and supports follicle
  2. Theca interna - produce androgens under influence of LH => after ovulation, the theca cells work with granulosa cells to make progesterone
  3. Granulosa cell layer - produces estrogen, inhibin, follicular fluid; cells have FSH receptors; govern maturation of oocyte
26
Q

how does the uterotubal junction function in the mare?

A

control point that only allows fertilized oocytes to pass

27
Q

what is the uterotubal junction?

A

where isthmus connects to uterus
- in cattle this can be kinked under high estradiol => prevents embryos from entering the lumen until estradiol levels decrease and isthmus unkinks **no obvious kinking in other species

28
Q

duplex uterus

A
  • two cervical canals that divide each horn into a distinct compartment
  • 1 vaginal canal that opens to exterior with two types of divisions
    *rabbits and marsupials
29
Q

marsupial uterus differences?

A

two separate vaginal canals from the single vaginal canal that then has two separate cervices

30
Q

what is different about a rabbit uterus?

A

have a single vaginal canal that bifurcates into two cervices

31
Q

bicornate uterus

A

two uterine horns and a small uterine body w/ single cervix
- length of uterine body is dependent on fusion between paramesonephric ducts in the developing female fetus

32
Q

what is the result of a high degree of fusion in the bicornate uterus?

A

long uterine body and short horns
*mare

33
Q

what is the result of a moderate degree of fusion in the bicornate uterus?

A

has intermediate uterine horns
*goats, cows, and ewe

34
Q

what is the result of a low degree of fusion in the bicornate uterus?

A

has a short uterine body and long uterine horns
*sow, bitch, queen

35
Q

simplex uterus

A

separation between uterine horns is lacking
- single uterus opens into vagina through one cervix
*Primates

36
Q

Ruminants have areas on the endometrium calles _________

A

*caruncles
- non-glandular
- very vascular
- protrude from surface of the uterus
- give rise to maternal portion of placenta

37
Q

what are characteristics of the endometrium in the sow and the mare

A

endometrial folds
provide uterine surface for attachment of placenta

38
Q

what are characteristics of the endometrium in queens?

A

placental scares which are pigmented areas of endometrium which are pervious placental attachment
- bands around inside of uterus that are indicators of zonal placentation
- zones of uterine repair that become less obvious with time

39
Q

cervix

A

thick-walled, non-compliant organ
- barrier to sperm transport: ewe cow, bitch
- not a barrier in: mare and sow
isolates uterus in pregnancy using a layer of viscous mucous

40
Q

what is the cervix like in queens and bitches?

A

single cervical ring

41
Q

what is the cervix like in sows?

A

cervical rings from interdigitating prominences

42
Q

what is the cervix like in mares?

A

cervical folds that are longitudinal and are continuous with endometrium, but no cervical rings

43
Q

what is the cervix like in ewes and cows?

A

cervical rings from finger like interlocking projections

44
Q

what is the function of mucous within the cervix?

A

pushes foreign material out of the cervix that enters during copulation
- likely reduces introduction of microorganisms into uterus
- mucous composition changes w/ stage of estroud
- under progesterone influence (i.e. with pregnancy) - will becomes quite viscous and can glue cervical folds together
- forms cervical seal of pregnancy which prevents entry of micro-organisms into the pregnant uterus

45
Q

Which animals are polyestrous?

A

cattle
pigs
rodents
*cycle every month all year round

46
Q

Seasonally polyestrous

A

horses
goats
sheep
*cycle certain periods of time - typically ever 21 hays either light or dark

47
Q

Monoestrous animals

A

Dog
Wolves
Bears
*cycle anwhere from every 4-12 months

48
Q

queens are ________ day breeders

A

long day breeders
*seasonally polyestrous

49
Q

ewe, doe, elk, nanny are __________ polyestrous and _________ day breeders

A

seasonally polyestrous
short day breeders

50
Q

what regulates the seasonality of breeding?

A

Photoperiod
pineal gland either increases or decreases cyclicity
- secretes melatonin in dark
- melatonin can either promote or inhibit reproduction depending on the species

51
Q

in Long day breeders ________ light means ________ melatonin. Melatonin in ___________ to these species

A

more; less
melatonin is inhibitory so lack of melatonin promotes cyclicity

52
Q

IN SHORT DAY breeders, ___________ light means _______ melatonin. In these species melatonin __________ cyclicity

A

LESS; MORE
- in these species, melatonin promotes cyclicity => will cycle during months that have LESS daylight

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