Male Repro Flashcards
Normally, decent of the testes is facilitated by which structure?
gubernaculum
What causes cryptorchidism?
Androgen dependent regression of the gubernaculum
Is cryptorchidism usually unilateral or bilateral?
Unilateral
What sides does cryptorchidism usually affect? Is there an exception for an animal?
Most common on right side (but left side in the bovine)
What is the most common disorder of sexual development in the dog?
Cryptorchidism
In the horse left sided cryptorchidism is more likely to be ___ vs. inguinal
abdominal
In a cryptorchid, testicular atrophy happens when? why? what do they look like?
Puberty; temperature is too high; look fibrotic and shrunken
Is cryptorchidism associated with infertility?
yes
Cryptorchidism is associated with neoplasia; what kind of neoplasia results if testes is in the abdomen? if in the inguinal area?
sertoli if in the abdomen; seminoma if in inguinal area
Testicular Hypoplasia never develops in the first place, and is always due to secondary causes. List these causes.
Cryptorchidism; Zn definiciency, genetics; endocrine abnormalities (reduced LH –> leydig cells); reduced FSH –> sertoli cells
Testicular hypoplasia is apparent after?
puberty
In a histopathology section of the testes; what is a clue to indicate hypoplasia?
no spermiogensisis is observed
Causes of testicular atrophy
heat, obstruction, pharaceuticals; hormonal (LH or FST); nutrition
Specifically, what pharmaceuticals can cause testicular atrophy?
Amphoteracin B; gentamicins; chemotherapeutic
Specifically what nutrient deficiencies cause testicular atrophy?
Vitamin A deficiency, Zinc deficiency; and general malnutrition
Orchitis is the inflammation of the?
Testes
What is the sertoli cell barrier?
It is the blood-testis barrier that separates sperm cells from the rest of the blood stream.
Why is the sertoli cell barrier important?
Sperm cells are haploid compared to the rest of the body and the immune system would therefore respond to them as if foreign, and would attack.
How might the sertoli cell barrier be breached and what are the consequences?
Following trauma, neoplasm, infection, vasectomy - this results in autoimmune reactions with anti-spermatozoan antibodies.
What type of inflammatory reaction would occur if the sertoli cell barrier was breached?
Granulomatous because the body would treat sperm cells as a foreign body. Foreign body type reactions result in granulomatous inflammation.
What is a spermatocele?
Sperm granuloma - foreign body granuloma
Non-specific orchitis occurs in what two species? and presents itself how?
Bulls and stallions; no gross lesions, lymphocytic foci between tubules and around vessels
Intratubular orchitis is a result of?
Ascending infection (up the urethra); urinary caluli –> urine comes down urethra –> calculus creates turbulent flow –> fluid can come back to edge of penis and bring bacteria inside
Intratubular orchitis grossly presents itself as?
poorly defined yellow foci –> firm and white
Orchitis can be caused by these two routes:
intratubular origins or hematogenous
What bacteria (mots common in bulls) can cause orchitis?
Brucella via hematgenous route
Is Brucella zoonotic?
Yes
Brucella in the canis/suis can cause inflammation of what three organs?
testis, epididymis, prostate gland
Neoplasms of the male repro system are most common in older animals, and especially in this animal.
Bulls
List two term germ cell neoplasms in the male
Teratoma; Seminoma
List two gonadal stromal cell neoplasms in the male
Leydig cell tumor (interstitial cell tumor); sertoli cell tumor
What is the most common testicular tumor in aged stallion?
Seminoma
What is the second most common testicular tumor in dogs?
Seminoma
Are seminomas common in all species?
Rare in most species (only common in horses and dogs)
Seminomas are most prevalent in animals with this condition
cryptorchidism
Do seminomas produce hormones?
NO
Describe seminomas
locally invasive, white pink-tray, and bulging; seldom malignant but can become malignant; surrounding tissues are atrophied
Describe a seminoma histopath
Pleomorphic cells, bizarre mitosis
What is the most common testicular tumor in the dog, cat, and bull?
Leydic cell tumor (interstitial cell tumor)
Are leydig cell tumors common in cryptorchid stallion?
no, they are rare
Describe the leydig cell tumor
Tan-orange appearance; hemorrhage and tan; well demarcated, non-invasive, encapsulated, almost always benign; questionably hormonally active
describe a leydig cell tumor histopath
active golgi, a lot of cytoplasmic vacuoles, a lot of blood vessels, not a lot of mitotic figures
What is the third most common testicular tumor of the dog?
Sertoli cell tumor
Sertoli cell tumors are rare in most species, which species is it more common to occur?
Dogs, stallions, and shorthorn bulls
Sertoli cell tumors are most common in cryptorchid testicle. True or False.
True
Is the sertoli cell tumor hormonally active? If so, could this be a problem?
Yes! may produce estrogens; 1/3rd produce estrogen which leads to gynecomastia (excessive growth of breath tissue in males); estrogen leads to myelotoxicity, hypothryoidism (bone marrow suppression), alopecia; hyperplasia/metaplasia of prostate
Describe a sertoli cell tumor
Firm, white fibrous; invades spermatic cord and may metastasize to the iliac lymph node; therefore it is important to look at the spermatic cord
Sex cord stromal tumors are usually mixed, what are its components?
sertoli and leydig cell components
Name three most common testicular tumors and provide descriptions.
Seminoma: white, soft, bulging, rarely metastasize;
Sertoli cell tumor: white, firm, and fibrous; rarely metastasize;
Leydig cell tumor: tan-orange, with hemorrhage; typically benign
Dermatitis of the scrotum can be caused by:
Trauma, frostbite, contact irritation, dermatophilus congolensis and Besnotia besnoiti in the bull; Chorioptes ovis in the ram; habronema and sarcoid in the horse
Three neoplasms of the scrotum found in the dog; which is most common?
mast cell tumor (most common); melanoma, hemangioma
Neoplasm of the scrotum in the bull
papilloma
What is the tunica vaginalis?
The tunica vaginalis is the serous covering of the testis and is continuous with the peritoneal cavity.
What bacteria in rams can cause inflammation of the tunica vaginalis?
Brucella ovis/Actinobacilus seminis
What agent can cause infalmmation of the tunica vaginalis and bulls, rams and bucks?
Trypanosomes
Mesotheliomas can be seen in which two animals? Which animal can it extend into the preitoneum
Dogs and bulls (extension into peritoneum occurs in dogs)
What are mesotheliomas
malignant cancer that occurs on the lining of viscera (mesothelial cells) and produce a lot of fluid; due to asbestos; this is a tumor OUTSIDE of the testes
Developmental anomalies: outpouching of the mesonephric ducts leads to
blind efferent ducts
Segmental aplasia occurs in the ___
bull
Immotile cilia syndrome
this is a developmental anomaly that occurs in dogs, pigs, mice, rats and humans; it is hereditary (autosomal recessive); and results in a defective flagellum
Epididymitis is most common in which two species?
Dogs and ram
Acute vs. chronic epididymitis presentation
Acute –> soft and swollen; chronic –> firm and enlarged
Epididymitis is often associated with sperm ____, but can also be due to ____ and ____.
granuloma; trauam and obstruction
Adenomyosis means?
glands in the muscle
Adenomyosis and its association with epididymitis
epithelium invades muscular layer –> entrapped spermatozoa; sertoli cell tumors –> estrogen
What bacteria in the ram can cause epididymitis?
Brucella ovis; Actinobacillus seminis; Histophilus ovis
What bacteria in the bull can cause epididymitis?
Brucella abortus –> orchitis
What bacteria in the dog can cause epididymitis?
Brucella canis (idiopathic or sytsemic source) - distemper
Seminal vasculitis is most common in the ___, but not present in the ___ and ___.
bull; dog and cat
What is the most common source of inflammatory cells in bovine semen?
Seminal vasculitis
Seminal vasculitis can be caused by?
Ascending, descending, hematogenous route of infections, malformation
Two bacteria that can cause seminal vasculitis in bovine?
Brucella abortus; Mycobacterium bovis
Two bcateria that can cause seminal vasculitis in the boar?
Pseudomonas pseudomallei; Brucella abortus
Two bacteria that can cause seminal vasculitis in the ram?
Brucella melitensis; Actinobacillus seminis
In regards to the prostate, dogs lack what gland?
Bulbourethral gland
Prostatitis can lead to the obstruction of what structure?
Colon
Prostatitis is usually due to ascending infections; what is the bacteria that can cause this in dogs?
Brucella canis
Prostatitis differentials
hyperplasia; adenocarcinoma
Hyperplasia of the prostate is most common in old ___
Dogs
Hyperplasia of the prostate is hormone related. Therefore, can it occur in castrated dogs?
No
Acinar hyperplasia of prostate is due to what hormones?
androgens
Fibromuscular hyperplasia of prostate is due to which hormone?
estrogen (probably from sertoli cell tumor
Clovers in rams causes what kind of prostate hyperplasia?
firbomuscular
Sequelae of prostate hyperplasia?
Obstruction of urethra/rectum
Hyperplastic prostate diagnostic characteristics
Roughly symmetric; the tissue is readily moveable
What is the main tumor of the prostate and most common in dogs?
Prostatic adenocarcinoma
differential dx of prostatic AC is?
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Is prostatic AC linked to hyperplasia?
Not necessarily; you can have tumor with hyperplasia initially; you can have hyperplasia that turns into a tumor;
Is prostatic AC invasive and metastatic?
yes
Prostatic AC diagnostic features
Non-symmetrical enlargement; loss of median raphe; attachment to the pelvic floor (fixed, not moveable)
How can you distinguish prostatic AC from hyperplasia?
Hyperplasia: symmetrical MC, still has median raphe, non-invasive;
Prostatic AC: non symmetrical, loss of median raphe, adhered to surrounding tissues, mineralization, necrosis
Causes of hypoplasia of penis
too early castration, intersex
What is a persistent frenulum; what animals can it occur in, and what are the problems?
Bulls and boards; The frenulum normally ruptures at puberty; in a persistent frenulum, it connects the penis to the prepuce or to itself (the animal can urinate into the prepuce causing urine scalding)
Hypospadias is a ___ opening of the urethra
ventral
Epispadias is a ____ opening of the urethra
dorsal
Sequelae of hypospadias/epispadias?
urinate into prepuse –> urine scalding - bacT infection; infertility - may not be as big of a problem if occurs near the head of the penis
Balanitis means
inflammation of the glans penis
Posthitis means
inflammation of the prepuce
Balanoposthitis is common, and the most common cause is due to what agent?
herpesvirus
What is phimosis/paraphimosis?
Tightening at end of prepuce; prevents penis from being retracted or stuck out; paraphimosis = penis is stuck outside; phimosis = penis is stuck inside the prepuce
Bovine/Caprine herpesvirus-1 does what to the penis?
pustules to 1-2 mm ulcers of the glands penis
Equine herpesvirus-3 results in what on the penis?
large, 15 mm pustules on the body of the penis
Canine herpesvirus results in what with the penis?
inflammation at the BASE of the penis, usually no pustuleso r ulcers seen
Ovine ulcerative posthitis (pizzle rot) is caused by what bacteria? what are the predisposing factors?
Corynebacterium renale; predisposing factors inculde high protein diet, castration –> mainly affects wethers
Habronemiasis in the equine causes what lesions on the penis?
nodular bleeding surface
Vibriosis and trichomonas (protozoa) can be housed where in the male bovine and transmitted to the female? Are there lesions in the male?
prepuce; no lesions or on-specific
Transmissible venereal tumor most commonly occurs on what sex organ?
penis
describe transmissible venereal tumor
rarely metastatic; may regress spontaneously
Squamous cell carcinoma is most common in what species? secondarily in what animal?
horse; dog
Describe squamous cell carcinoma
invasive, necrotic, slow growing, slow to metastasize
Papilloma (fibropapilloma) occurs commonly in ___
young bulls
Describe lesions of papilloma
single or multiple growths; may have ulceration; may avoid future coitus because it may be sexually transmitted between bovids; but usually will regress
