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Special Pathology - Repro > Female Repro > Flashcards

Female Repro Flashcards

1
Q

True or False. Is the female gender a ‘default’?

A

False

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2
Q

What gene makes a female, a female?

A

DAX1 gene

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3
Q

Paramesonephric ducts are also called?

A

Muellerian ducts

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4
Q

Paramesonephric ducts/Mullerian ducts make?

A

Female genitalia: uterus/uterine tubes, vagina, ovaries

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5
Q

What gene on the Y chromosome makes a male a male?

A

SRY gene

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6
Q

SRY gene inhibits what? how?

A

Formation of Muellerian ducts; sertoli cells create anti-muellerian hormones

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7
Q

Mesonephric ducts are also called?

A

Wolffian ducts

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8
Q

Mesonephric/Wolffian ducts makes?

A

Male genitalia: testes, epididymis, penis, secondary sex glands

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9
Q

Agreement of what three components avoid sexual anomalies?

A

Agreement between chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic determinations of gender are normal.

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10
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Defined as animals that have GONADS of BOTH sexes; it has nothing to do with external genitalia. It requires both testicular and ovarian development. Externally, a hermaphrodite can be either all female or all male or indeterminate.

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11
Q

Hermaphrodites are most common in what animal?

A

Porcines (pigs make a lot more babies more frequently)

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12
Q

What is the most common genotype in hermaphrodites?

A

XX

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13
Q

Pseudohermaphrodites

A

Have chromosomes and gonads of one sex; but external genitalia of opposite sex. They are classified according to GONADAL tissue.

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14
Q

If an animal has ovaries and a penis, what kind of psuedohermaphrodite are they?

A

Female pseudo

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15
Q

If an animal has testes and a vagina, what kind of pseudohermaphrodite are they?

A

Male pseudo

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16
Q

Is a male or female pseudo more common?

A

Male pseudo is more common

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17
Q

Female pseudohermaphrodite can be associated with excess of what?

A

ACTH

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18
Q

Androgen insensitivity is caused by what?

A

Defective receptors - male has XY genotype with SRY gene making male hormones, however they aren’t binding to the receptors.

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19
Q

Complete androgen insensitivity means what? And occurs in what three animals?

A

Complete = no tubular tracts and no wolffian ducts; may be complete in horses, cats, and cattle

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20
Q

Sex Reversal: genotype, and gonads?

A

chromosomal sex is XX; gonads are either testis or ovotestis

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21
Q

How does sex reversal happen?

A

Translocation of SRY gene to an X or autosomal gene

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22
Q

Sex reversal is most common in?; what other animals can it be seen in?

A

Goats; XX will be hermaphrodites (if gonads are ovotestis) or pseudohermaphrodites (if gonads are only testis)
Sex reversal has also been seen in cocker spaniels and pigs

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23
Q

Chimeras have genetic information from ….

A

two different sources

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24
Q

Freemartin has genetic information from …..

A

Genetic information from itself, and from its male twin

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25
Q

Mosaics have genetic information from…

A

the same source

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26
Q

A male calico is a mosaic or a chimera?

A

mosaic

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27
Q

Male Calico genotype, and which chromosome holds the gene for its color?

A

XXY; gene for its color is associated with X chromosome

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28
Q

Freemartinism occurs in cattle; ___% of female calves with male twins have freemartinism

A

90%

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29
Q

Freemartinism causes _____ of the tubular tract; resulting in a ______ vagina. And ____ size of the ovary or ovotestis.

A

segmental aplasia; patent; reduced size

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30
Q

What is the clinical significant of freemartinism?

A

produces a sterile cow

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31
Q

Ovarian Hypoplasia is a decrease in the number of ____ cells.

A

Germ cells

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32
Q

Ovarian hypoplasia is ____ bilateral, but ____ symmetrical.

A

ovarian hypoplasia is usually bilateral, but NOT symmetric.

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33
Q

Ovarian Hypolasia is most common due to genetics in what animals?

A

Some cattle breeds - Swedish Highland Cattle

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34
Q

Ovarian hypoplasia is associated with _____ abnormalities.

A

Chromosomal (XO)

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35
Q

If ovarian hypoplasia is severe, it may lead to what?

A

infantile genital tract

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36
Q

How do you diagnose ovarian cysts?

A

Via rectal palpation and/or ultrasound

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37
Q

Paraovarian Cysts

A

Usually found in mares; mesonephric or paramesonephric remnants; NOT on the overy, just next to the ovary

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38
Q

Non-gonadal stromal ovarian cysts: cystic rete tubules of ovarian medulla occurs in small animals, but is more common in?

A

The quee

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39
Q

Non-gonadal stromal ovarian cysts: serous inclusion cysts are formed by? and are most common in?

A

Invagination of the surface epithelium; mainly found in the bitch

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40
Q

Follicular/Graafian follicular cysts and Lutenized cysts are non-gonadal stromal or gonadal stromal?

A

Gonadal stromal

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41
Q

Follicular/Graafian follicular cysts occur most commonly in?

A

Cows and sows

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42
Q

Follicular/Graafian follicular cysts are associated with?

A

prolonged 1st estrus interval postpartum; insufficient LH; inflammation in the uterus

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43
Q

Can a follicular/Graafian follicular cyst regress?

A

Yes

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44
Q

Lutenized cysts occur most commonly in?

A

Cows and sows

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45
Q

Lutenized cysts are associated with?

A

Insufficient LH; may be associated with systemic inflammation; NO ovulation

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46
Q

Does ovulation still occur with lutenized cysts?

A

NO

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47
Q

What effect does a cystic corpus luteum have on the estrous cycle?

A

No effect

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48
Q

How can you distinguish a cystic corpus luteum from a lutenized cyst?

A

Differentiated because ovulation has probably occurred in an animal with a cystic corpus luteum (vs. animal with lutenized cysts where no ovlutation occurs)

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49
Q

Supernumerary follicles happen with ____ stimulation and ____ transfer.

A

FSH stimulation; embryo transfer

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50
Q

When are canine follicular cysts normal?

A

When dog is about to go into heat.

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51
Q

Should you see canine follicular cysts if dog just gave birth?

A

No

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52
Q

Granulosa-Theca Cell Tumor

A

This is the most common primary ovarian tumor and can become large and multicystic. It is part of the stroma around the ovary (NOT gonadal). And is difficult to differentiate from a cyst

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53
Q

Granulosa-Theca cell tumors may produce ______; especially in mares.

A

Estrogens

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54
Q

THe production of estrogens by granulosa-theca cell tumors results in?

A

Anestrus (no heat at all); nymphomania (prolonged heat); or stallion-like behavior (b/c estrogen is precursor to testosterone).

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55
Q

High levels of estrogen can be suppressive to the _____, but induce hyperproliferation everywhere else.

A

Bone marrow

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56
Q

Granulosa-theca cell tumors are benign in the ___ and ___; and may be malignant in the ____ and ____.

A

Benign in cow and mare; malignant in queen and bitch.

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57
Q

Signs of a granulosa-theca cell tumor in the bitch

A

prolonged estrus; cystic endometrial hyperplasia; and pyometra

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58
Q

Cystaendoma/Papillary Adenocarcinoma is the second most common tumor in the _____, but rare in ____.

A

bitch; others

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59
Q

Cystadenoma/Papilary adenocarcinoma arises from?

A

Surface epithelium overlying the ovaries

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60
Q

Cystadenoma/Papillary adenocarcinoma is usually unilateral or bilateral?

A

Frequently bilateral

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61
Q

Papillary adenocarcinomas can be aggressive. True or False?

A

True

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62
Q

Dysgerminoma is ____ tumor.

A

Germ cell

63
Q

Dysgerminoma is the female counterpart to what in the male?

A

Seminoma

64
Q

Dysgerminoma arises from the ___ itself.

A

Gonad itself (ova becomes neoplastic)

65
Q

Dysgerminoma is rare in what four animals?

A

Bitch, sow, cow, and mare

66
Q

Dysgerminomas are malignant and frequently metastasize. True or False?

A

False; rarely metastasize; generally benign

67
Q

Teratomas have at least ___ out of the three embryonic germ layers.

A

two

68
Q

Hair and teeth can be present in the gonads in a teratoma. True or False.

A

True

69
Q

Teratomas are generally _____; but may be ____ in the bitch.

A

benign; malignant

70
Q

Teratomas occur in the _____.

A

gonads

71
Q

Oophoritis means inflammation of the ____

A

ovaries

72
Q

Is oophoritis common?

A

No it is very rare

73
Q

List three viruses that cause oophoritis

A

BHV-1, BVD, EHV-1

74
Q

What does hydrosalpinx mean?

A

‘salpinx’ = oviduct; hydro = too much fluid; hydrosalpinx = too much fluid in the oviduct

75
Q

Hydrosalpinx is associated with?

A

obstruction

76
Q

How does a hydrosalpinx cause infertility?

A

The ova has no motility because of too much fluid. Even if the sperm gets to the ova and fertilizes it, the ova cannot swim through the fluid. The fertilized ova will stay in one spot and the fetus in the embryo will die because it won’t be able to implant.

77
Q

How does ciliary dyskinesia lead to hydrosalpinx?

A

With ciliary dyskinesia, the cilia don’t move correctly. On top of having persistent respiratory problems, the tiny cilia that line the ovary duct to help move the ova won’t work properly, causing a buildup of fluid. In males, the cilia on sperm won’t work, and sperm won’t be able to swim, resulting to infertility in males. Animals with this will have infertility issues on top of having persistent pneumonia.

78
Q

Salpingitis means?

A

swelling of oviduct

79
Q

Pyosalpinx means?

A

pus inside the salpinx (oviduct)

80
Q

Salpingitis is most commonly associated with _____.

A

Endometritis

81
Q

Through which structure can the uterus herniate through?

A

Inguinal ring

82
Q

Prolapsed uterus can be seen in these three animals msot commonly

A

Cow, ewe, sow

83
Q

Prolapsed uterus can be caused by:

A

Parturition, dystocia, hypocalcemia, ingestion of estrogenic plants

84
Q

Uterine torsion is most common in what species?

A

Cow, most common in gravid uterus (less in bitch/quieen)

85
Q

At what level do we see uterine torsion in the cow?

A

At the cervix

86
Q

At what level do we see uterine torsion in the bitch?

A

junction of the uterine horn and body

87
Q

Camelid uterine torsion effects ___

A

A single horn, most commonly the left, regardless of which one ovulates.

88
Q

Why is a camelid uterine torsion difficult to diagnose?

A

Small rectum

89
Q

Camelid uterine torsion may occur ____ rather than periparturition. And may result in lysis of the _____.

A

preterm; corpus luteum

90
Q

Rupture of the uterine artery occurs most commonly in older ___. ANd affects the ____ ____ uterine artery.

A

mares; right middle uterine artery

91
Q

rupture of the uterine artery in mares happens pre or post parturition?

A

post parturition

92
Q

Why is the rupture of the uterine artery rapidly fatal?

A

Because it is a branch of the aorta and animal will bleed out fast. This usually presents itself as a large hematoma during necropsy after an older mare gives birth.

93
Q

Ednometrial atrophy (the lining of the uterus) is caused by hormone _____.

A

imbalance

94
Q

Hormone imbalance can be physiologic/seasonal and cause _____ in the mare.

A

Anestrus

95
Q

It is important to know the time of the year and what animal you are working on when you see endometrial atrophy because?

A

It can be due to physiologic/seasonal reasons.

96
Q

Which is more common, endometrial atrophy or endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Endometrial hyperplasia

97
Q

In dogs and cats, any injury to the uterus leads to what?

A

Hyperplastic results

98
Q

Any injury to the uterus in dogs and cats releases endogenous hormones that cause endometrial hyperplasia, which are?

A

Estrogen followed by progesterone stimulation

99
Q

How can endometrial hyperplasia lead to pyometra?

A

Produce more tissue –> more extra endometrial endothelium –> can start to slough –> hanging out in the uterus –> produce place for bacteria to grow –> pyometra

100
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia in ruminants is due to what kind of plants? Give examples

A

Estrogenic plants: clover in the ewe

101
Q

Ednometrial hyperplasia in the sow can be due to what kind of feed?

A

Moldy feed (cor) –> mycotoxin zeralenone

102
Q

Results of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Infertility (harder for zygote to find a place for implantation), dystocia (difficult fetal delivery), and uterine prolapse

103
Q

When giving a morphological diagnoses you need a ____ and a _____ in the name

A

Tissue + process

104
Q

What is mucometra/hydrometra?

A

Congenital or acquired obsturction of the outflow; hyperestrogenism

105
Q

Adenomyosis in the bitch, queen and cow

A

glands from the uterus that start to imbed in the actual muscle of the uterus; nests of EM within the myometrium; prolonged estrogen stimulation, may cause enlargement of the uterus

106
Q

Endometriosis is found in what animals

A

primates

107
Q

What is endometriosis

A

endometrial tissue outside the uterus

108
Q

What is the sequelae of endometriosis?

A

Tissue is still responsive to hormones –> tissue sloughs into peritoneum –> dead tissue accumulating in the peritoneum leads to peritonitis and sepsis

109
Q

What is a talapoin?

A

a primate

110
Q

Endometritis is limited to the…

A

endometrium

111
Q

Endometritis is usually due to?

A

post coital or postpartum bacterial infections

112
Q

How is endometritis detected in the mare?

A

EM biopsy

113
Q

Metritis is?

A

inflammation of all layers of the uterus (when inflammation extends beyond endometrial surface

114
Q

Which is transient and which is very severe and fatal: endometritis or metritis?

A

Endometritis can be transient, but metritis is much more severe and fatal

115
Q

Immune response: what is the humoral and cellular response in the female repro tract? What antibodies predominate in the mare

A

neutrophils chemotactic from bacteria and leukotriene B4 secreted by EM; complement activation and phagocytosis following opsonization; IgG and IgA predominate in the mare

116
Q

What does IgA do in the mare female repro tract?

A

Inhibits bacterial adhesion to mucosa and activate complement

117
Q

At what part of the repro cycle is it best to overcome infection, and why?

A

Estrus: good drainage due to open cervix; increased leukocytes; estrogen may increase phagocytosis; progesterone reduces NT activity

118
Q

Acute inflammation stimulates the synthesis of ____ following progesterone priming.

A

PGF2-alpha

119
Q

Acute inflammation causes _____ of the CL and a ____ estrous.

A

premature regrssion; short estrous

120
Q

Chronic inflammation results in _____ mucosal surface and ____ production. It also causes a _____ CL.

A

reduced mucusal surface; PGF2alpha; prolonged CL

121
Q

The conformation of the vagina and uterus is associated with ascending infection. In older, multiparous mares, they have a ____ orientation of the vagina, allowing for fecal material to get on it.

A

Horizontal

122
Q

This type of orientation of the vagina is ideal.

A

Vertical (you want rectum and vagina to be as perpendicular as possible

123
Q

Pyometra in the cow is limited to ___

A

the uterus

124
Q

Pyometra is fatal in what species? cow, bitch, or queen?

A

Bitch and queen; pyometra in the cow will cause infertility, but will live

125
Q

Pyometra is exudate with incomplete closure of what?

A

cervix

126
Q

Pyometra due to gram negative bacteria (like E. coli) cause what kind of exudate?

A

Viscid and greenish/brown

127
Q

Pyometra due to gram positive bacteria (streptococcus) causes what kind of exudate?

A

Creamy yellow

128
Q

What is lochia?

A

lochia is the vaginal discharge after giving birth (puerperium) containing blood, mucus, and uterian tissue

129
Q

How is lochia related to pyometra?

A

It serves as an excellent medium for bacterial growth (rich in nutrients); debris is discharged following parturition, this can result in bacterial infection

130
Q

Uterine hydrops is most common in which animal?

A

cattle

131
Q

Uterine hydrops is marked fluid accumulation and results in hydroallantois and hydroamnios. What are these?

A

Hydroallantois = insufficiencies in placentation; hydroamnios = fetal malformation

132
Q

Uterine hydrops can be fatal in the 3rd trimester; why?

A

Diaphragm doesn’t have space to move back because of the large fetus + fluid accumualtion, so the cow suffocates.

133
Q

Leiomyoma is most common in?

A

bitch and sow

134
Q

Leiomyoma is a tumor of the ____ and ____

A

Uterus and vagina

135
Q

Is leiomyoma malignant or benign?

A

Benign

136
Q

Leiomyoma is associated with?

A

hyperestrogenism

137
Q

How does leiomyoma present itself?

A

Often firm, pink/white, and pedunculated

138
Q

Lymphosarcoma is most common in the cow and is associated with what virus?

A

BLV

139
Q

Lymphosarcoma may be diffuse, and presents itself as?

A

soft grey to tan nodular masses

140
Q

Angry cervix is usually associated with inflammation of what?

A

vagina or endometrium (endometritis or vaginitis)

141
Q

Aside from endometritis/vaginitis; angry cervix can non-specifically be associated with what?

A

Post-parturition

142
Q

Contagious equine metirits is due to what agent?

A

Taylorella equigenitalis

143
Q

Vulvovaginitis can be due to multiple causes, list a few

A

Trauma (postparturient), wide variety of bacteria, virus (herpes), hyperestrogenism

144
Q

Mycoplasma and ureaplasma leads to what kind of vulvovaginits in bovine? an leads to what?

A

granular - hyperemic mucosa with 2 mm raised granules; leads to reduced fertility

145
Q

Herpesvirus in the cow, ewe, and mare leads to what kind of vulvovaginitis?

A

Pustular

146
Q

Vaginal tumor: squamous cell carcinoma occurs in the vulva of what three animals?

A

cows, ewes, mares

147
Q

Vaginal tumor: squamous cell carcinoma - is ___ invasive; and ____ to metastasize.

A

locally invasive, slow to metastisize

148
Q

Vaginal tumor: transmissible venereal tumor occurs in what animal?

A

Bitch

149
Q

vaginal tumor: transmissible venereal tumor arises in what area?

A

dorsal junction between vulva and vagina

150
Q

Transmissible venereal tumor is most common in what climate/regions?

A

tropical and subtropical regions

151
Q

Transmissible venereal tumor has an abnormal number of chromosomes; what is the number in a TVT cell vs. a normal canine cell?

A

The cancer cells always have an abnormal number of chromosomes (59 instead of the normal canine 78)

152
Q

Transmissible venereal tumor is benign or malignant generally?

A

benign

153
Q

What kind of tumor is transmissible venereal tumor? And how can we distinguish this tumor from others when looking at cytology?

A

Round cell tumor - consist of vacuoles in cytology

Special Pathology - Repro (3 decks)

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