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Pathophysiology > Male Repro > Flashcards

Male Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the male reproductive tract?

A

1) androgen homeostasis
2) spermatogenesis
3) sperm transport and storage
4) erection
5) ejaculation

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2
Q

What do the testes produce?

A

sperm

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3
Q

What is the endocrine function of testes? Exocrine function?

A

endocrine =produce germ cells
exocrine= produce hormones

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4
Q

Testes are located outside of the body for what purpose?

A

temp. regulation

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5
Q

Spermatogenesis must be _____ degrees below body temp to produce viable sperm

A

1-2 degrees

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6
Q

scrotum will hang _______ when temp is higher

A

lower

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7
Q

scrotum will hang ______ to body when temp is lower

A

closer

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8
Q

When is testosterone produced?

A

beginning of puberty

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9
Q

Testosterone is under the influence of what?

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary hormones

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10
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

production of spermatozoa (takes 60-70 days)

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11
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

cutting of the vas deferens/ductus deferens cord

it’s still producing sperm but cannot be transported out

its a form of bc

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12
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates __________

A

spermatogenesis

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13
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates and produces what?

A

stimulates leydig cells and produces testosterone

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14
Q

______________ can negative feedback to control levels of LH

A

testosterone

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15
Q

What is responsible for low voice, body hair, and maturation of external genitalia?

A

testosterone

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16
Q

What type of hormone is testosterone? What does it do?

A

anabolic hormone/ steroid

it increases skeletal muscle development and protein metabolism

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17
Q

_______ _______ is the tip of penis where urethral opening is

A

glans penis

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18
Q

What is epispadias?

A

urethral opening is not at the tip and is instead proximal to the glans (on the dorsal surface of penis)

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19
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

urethral opening on ventral surface of penis

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20
Q

What is the treatment for epispadias or hypospadias?

A

surgical reconstruction to maintain urine outflow and sexual function

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21
Q

What is cryptorchidism? Does it resolve on its own?

A

non-descent or partial descent of testes as an embryo

testes can remain in pelvic cavity, in inguinal canal, or in upper scrotum

may resolve on its own by age 1, if not, pt will need surgery because this affects spermatogenesis and degradation of seminiferous tubules

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22
Q

_______ ________ is a double layered serous membrane containing visceral and parietal layer as the testes descend and will bring part of the peritoneum

A

tunica vaginalis

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23
Q

Define hydrocele

A

excess fluid between membranes, testes will fill with peritoneal fluid during descent

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24
Q

What are the causes of hydrocele?

A

1) congenital (can resolve by age 1)
2) can occur in older pts due to injury, infection or tumor

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25
Q

What is the treatment for hydrocele?

A

aspiration

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26
Q

define spermatocele

A

cyst between testes and epididymis (surgery may be required if uncomfortable)

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27
Q

define varicocele

A

venous blood back flow due to valves not working or congenital decrease in number of valves (results in dilated vein in spermatic cord)

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28
Q

When does varicocele occur?

A

before or during puberty

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29
Q

varicocele can cause what 2 things?

A

1) edema of testes
2) infertility due to increase in warmth from backflow of blood

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30
Q

What happens when there is a torsion of testes? When does this occur and how?

A

testes rotate on spermatic cord and cause compression of blood vessels

can occur after puberty

spontaneous or due to trauma

testes can become swollen and ischemic

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31
Q

What is prostatitis? Causes?

A

ascending infection or inflammation of the prostate

causes=
-UTI from e. coli or pseudomonas
-cath in hospitals
-PBH
-STDs

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32
Q

What are the symptoms for prostatitis?

A

-painful, soft prostate
-dysuria
-pus in urine (pyuria)
-decrease in flow of urine depending on how edematous it is (prostatic urethra flows through prostate)

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33
Q

What is the treatment for prostatitis?

A

antibiotics

34
Q

What is balanitis? How does it begin and develop? Causes?

A

fungal infection of glans penis

begins as small vesicles on penis and then they merge together to form patches as it develops

causes=
-candida albicans
-STDs

35
Q

What are the symptoms of balanitis? Treatment?

A

sx= burning and itching of glans penis

treatment= miconazole (monistat) antifungal cream

36
Q

What is BPH?

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

tissue becomes hyperplastic (increases in number of cells) at nodules around prostatic urethra (center of prostate)

37
Q

1/3 of all men over the age of 65 get ______

A

BPH

38
Q

For pts with BPH, obstruction can occur due to decreased size of urethra. Explain what happens to body overall with such obstruction

A

1) obstruction (due to decreased size in urethra)
2) retention of urine
3) infection
4) enlarged bladder, dilated ureters
5) infection/inflammation can spread to kidneys (hydronephrosis
6) kidney damage

39
Q

Pts with BPH have an increase in what?
hint: 2 things

A

1) increased estrogen levels
2) increase in androgen receptors on prostate cells (causes prostate gland to increase in size)

40
Q

What is the first sign of BPH?

A

decreased urination

41
Q

What are the treatment options for BPH?

A

1) dutasteride (avodart) - decreases number of androgen receptors
2) tamsulosin (flomax) - relaxes muscles to increase urination
3) “balloon: in urethra to open it
4) surgery such as TURP (transurethral resection of prostate) -pulling out pieces of prostate gland

42
Q

What is the second leading cause of death in men?

A

prostate cancer

43
Q

5-10% of prostate cancer pts have a genetic cause. Its due to a mutation in ______ gene

A

HPC1

44
Q

prostate cancer can be caused from frequent __________ or high _______ levels

A

prostatitis, androgen

(high levels of androgen receptors)

45
Q

prostate cancer is mostly _____________

A

adenocarcinomas

46
Q

How does prostate cancer begin and develop?

A

begins on periphery of prostate gland and can spread to bladder, rectum, and inguinal lymph nodes

47
Q

periphery = _________
center = __________

A

periphery = prostate cancer
center =BPH

48
Q

How is prostate cancer similar to breast cancer?

A

both have cells with androgen receptors

49
Q

Is prostate cancer asymptomatic? If so when? When would you see symptoms and what are they?

A

asymptomatic in early stages

symptoms as it progresses=
-decrease in urination
-increase frequency
-cystitis
-abdominal fullness
-pain

50
Q

What is the survival rate of prostate cancer?

A

100% if caught early

51
Q

What is the diagnosis process for prostate cancer?

A

screening recommended after age 50 y/o

blood tests were once used to look for an increase in PSA antigen (now is considered unreliable)

rectal exam to palpate prostate gland and US to confirm

52
Q

What are the treatment options for prostate cancer?

A

1) prostatectomy (removal of prostate)
2) chemo/radiation
3) If androgen receptors are found=
-orchiectomy (removal of testes
-flutamide (drug that blocks testosterone receptors)

53
Q

Is testicular cancer common?

A

No (but its on the increase)

54
Q

Testicular cancer is not common, bit most prevalent in which age group?

A

ages 15-35

55
Q

What are the risk factors for testicular cancer?

A

1) cryptorchidism
2) infection
3) trauma
4) genetic components (ex: changes on chromosome 12)

56
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

happens in testicular cancer, where it derives from different types of cells such as Leydig cells

the type of cell that it arises from will determine where it metastasizes to

57
Q

What is the metastasis pattern for testicular cancer?

A

pattern of the lymph nodes

common iliac lymph nodes and para-aortic lymph nodes to the mediastinal and then supraclavicular lymph nodes

58
Q

What are the affected organs of testicular cancer?

A

brain
liver
bone
lungs

59
Q

what are the S&S of testicular cancer?

A

-painful nodules of testes (may look like a pimple)
-dull ache in lower abdomen
-increase in testes size

60
Q

How do you diagnose testicular cancer?

A

US and CT scan, blood work for alpha fetoprotein or HCG (not definitive)

61
Q

What are the treatment options for testicular cancer?

A

1) orchiectomy (can remove 1 teste usually)
2) radiation/chemo
3) bank sperm in case they want to be parents in future

62
Q

define infertility

A

cannot get pregnant after 1 year of unprotected sex

63
Q

What percentage of American couples are infertile?

A

15%

64
Q

List some male infertility issues

A

1) scar tissue in duct systems causing obstruction
2) inadequate sperm number
3) inadequate flagella (decreased motility)
4) hormonal imbalance (hypothalamus or anterior pituitary issue)
5) abnormal testes

65
Q

List some female infertility issues

A

1) abnormal ovaries
2) thick cervical mucus
3) pH of vag has changed/off
4) scar tissue in duct systems

66
Q

What are 2 common issues that can cause infertility for men and women?

A

smoking and age

67
Q

Why are STDs on the increase?

A

antibiotic resistance

68
Q

Are recurrent infections with STDs common?

A

yes

69
Q

Can you have multiple STDs at once?

A

yes

70
Q

If a pregnant mama has an STD can she pass it onto the newborn?

A

yes!!

71
Q

T/F: early stages of STDs are asymptomatic, especially in men

A

FALSE- especially in women, but otherwise true

72
Q

Is there a cure for viral STDs?

A

no

73
Q

List the 3 bacterial STDs we learned about

A

1) chlamydia
2) gonorrhea
3) syphilis

74
Q

What is the most common bacterial STD?

A

chlamydia

75
Q

Chlamydia can cause _____ in women

A

PID

76
Q

What is the microbiology of chlamydia?

A

obligate intracellular bacterium (travels once it enters the urogenital tract)

77
Q

What are the symptoms of chlamydia for men? When do these symptoms appear?

A

symptoms appear 1 week post exposure

-urethritis w/ dysuria, pruritus, and white discharge
-epididymitis if bacteria goes upwards
-pain and swelling of testes
-fever
-swollen lymph nodes

78
Q

Women with chlamydia will not have symptoms until…..

A

PID occurs

79
Q

How are newborns infected with chlamydia? What can this cause?

A

infected as they move through birth canal

can cause conjunctivitis and pneumonia if aspirate

80
Q

What is the treatment for chlamydia?

A

tetracycline or clindamycin

81
Q

chlamydia is seen in combination with what other STD?

A

gonorrhea

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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