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Pathophys > Male GU > Flashcards

Male GU Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main layers of the penis shaft?

A

corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

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2
Q

what is the corpora cavernosa?

A

two left and right masses of tissue that fills with blood for an erection

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3
Q

what is the corpus spongiosum?

A

mass of tissue around the urethra opening that also fills with blood for an erection

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4
Q

what is the prepuce?

A

another name for foreskin

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5
Q

why are the testicles outside the body?

A

to keep them about 2 degrees colder than the internal temp (best sperm conditions)

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6
Q

what are the two main tunics covering the testes?

A

outer layer: tunica vaginalis(has visceral and parietal layers)
inner layer: tunica albuginea

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7
Q

what is genetic sex?

A

chromosome differentiation

XY for males and XX for females

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8
Q

what is gonadal sex?

A

sex based on gonads (testes for males and ovaries for females)

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9
Q

what two things are gonads comprised of?

A

germ cells and steroid hormone secreting cells

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10
Q

what are the germ cells for males and females?

A

males- spermatogonia

females- oogonia

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11
Q

what main hormone Sertoli cells make? what is this substance necessary for?

A

antimullerian hormone; need this to develop male reproductive structures

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12
Q

what two cells are found in the testes?

A

Sertoli and leydig

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13
Q

what two cells are associated with the ovaries?

A

granulosa and theca

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14
Q

what do granulosa cells (female) make?

A

estradiol (estrogen)

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15
Q

what do theca cells (female) make?

A

progesterone

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16
Q

what is the phenotypic sex?

A

defined by physical characteristics of internal genital tract and external genitalia

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17
Q

what are the 4 internal structures for males (for phenotypic sex)?

A

prostate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and epididymis

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18
Q

what are the 2 external structures for males (for phenotypic sex)?

A

scrotum and penis

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19
Q

what are the 3 internal structures for females (for phenotypic sex?

A

fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper third of the vagina

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20
Q

what are the 4 external structures for females (for phenotypic sex)?

A

clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, and lower two thirds of the vagina

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21
Q

describe the gonads at 5 weeks gestation

A

bipotential (have the ability to turn female or male)

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22
Q

when is the genetic sex determined?

A

at conception

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23
Q

describe the gonads at weeks 6-7 of gestation

A

in a genetic male, the testes start to develop

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24
Q

what does testosterone stimulate?

A

the growth and differentiation of the Wolffian ducts

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25
Q

what four structures do the Wolffian ducts give rise to?

A

epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts

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26
Q

what do lydig cells secrete?

A

testosterone

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27
Q

what does anti Mullerian hormone inhibit?

A

development of the Mullerian ducts (would have been the internal female structures)

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28
Q

what happens at 9-10 weeks gestation in terms of sexual differentiation?

A

differentiation of external genitalia, penis, and scrotum

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29
Q

what two things does the growth of the external genitalia/penis/scrotum depend on?

A

testosterone converting to dihydrotestosterone AND presence of androgen receptors

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30
Q

where should the testes be at birth?

A

in the scrotal sac outside the body

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31
Q

at what lunar month do the testes start descending?

A

8

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32
Q

If the SRY gene is absent, what develops?

A

female reproductive organs (SRY is a testes determining factor gene that stimulates production of anti Mullerian hormone)

33
Q

what are the two primary functions of the testes?

A

steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis

34
Q

besides AMH and testosterone, what other two hormones do the testes produce?

A

dihydrotestosterone and androstenedione

35
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce? what is important about this?

A

produce androgens BUT not enough to promote sperm production (if testes cant make testosterone, adrenal cortex cant supply enough for the body’s needs)

36
Q

what two hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

LH and FSH

37
Q

the hypothalamus secretes what hormone that acts on the ant pituitary?

A

GnRH

38
Q

What does LH do?

A

regulates the production of testosterone by acting on the interstitial cells of leydig

39
Q

what two places does testosterone provide negative feedback to?

A

anterior pituitary (dec LH secretion) and hypothalamus (dec GnRH)

40
Q

what two things does FSH do?

A

initiates spermatogenesis and stimulates Sertoli cells

41
Q

what three things does FSH cause Sertoli cells to produce?

A

androgen binding protein, plasminogen activator, and inhibin

42
Q

what does inhibin do?

A

provide negative feedback on the anterior pituitary (inhibits FSH)

43
Q

throughout adulthood, do the rates of FSH, LH, testosterone secretion, and spermatogenesis change?

A

no

44
Q

what is the primary inciting event of puberty?

A

the pulsatile secretion of GnRH (causes pulsatile secretion of FSH and LH)

45
Q

besides differentiation of the Wolffian ducts, what else does testosterone do?

A

stimulates Sertoli cells to produce sperm

46
Q

what is tanner staging used for?

A

to stage GU development of males and females (stage 1 is preadolescent and stage 5 is adult)

47
Q

about what age does spermatogenesis start? what hormone primarily stimulates it? where does it occur?

A

age 13, stimulates by FSH; occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

48
Q

what three things are found in the seminiferous tubules?

A

spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and Sertoli cells

49
Q

what do Sertoli cells do for spermatogenic cells? how about for the germ cells?

A

provide support and organizational structure; nutritional support

50
Q

what do the tight junctions between Sertoli cells do?

A

provide a blood testes barrier

51
Q

what does androgen binding hormone do?

A

provides high concentrations of testosterone to the spermatogenic cells

52
Q

spermatogonial phase of spermatogenesis:
primordial germ cells undergo mitosis to become _______________. these cells then undergo mitosis to become ______________. then mitosis again to __________

A

spermatogonial stem cell; spermatogonium; primary spermatocyte

53
Q 
#2 phase of spermatogenesis: 
a primary spermatocyte undergoes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to turn into a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

meiosis I; secondary spermatocyte

54
Q

what happens in meiosis I?

A

go from 46 chromosomes to 23 chromosomes

55
Q 
#3 phase of spermatogenesis:
secondary spermatocyte undergoes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to become a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

meiosis II; early spermatid

56
Q

what happens in meiosis II?

A

development of spermatids through dividing secondary spermatocytes

57
Q

4 phase of spermatogenesis: an early spermatid differentiates into ________

A

sperm

58
Q

how many sperm are made each day?

A

120 million

59
Q

what part of the sperm is important in breaking through the egg for fertilization?

A

the acrosome on the head

60
Q

what are the four parts of the sperm?

A

head (acrosome/nucleus), neck, midpiece (mitochondria), tail (plasma membrane)

61
Q

where do mature sperm travel to from the seminiferous tubules?

A

epididymis (they mature and reside here)

62
Q

how long can sperm last in the epididymis?

A

several months

63
Q

during ejaculation, the epididymis ____________ and moves sperm to the ______ _________. sperm then travels to the __________ ______ and then to the _________ where it can also reside

A

contracts; ductus deferens (vas deferens); spermatic cord, ampulla

64
Q

how long can the sperm live in the ampulla?

A

4-5 weeks

65
Q

what is the prostate considered? what does it do?

A

accessory gland; secretes alkaline fluid (forms most of the ejaculatory fluid) that neutralizes the vaginal acidity (so sperm can easily travel)

66
Q

what pH does sperm mobilization happen at?

A

6-6.5

67
Q

what are the three accessory reproductive structures?

A

seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

68
Q

what does the seminal vesicles do?

A

secrete fluid that supports the sperm

69
Q

what two ingredients are in seminal fluid? how do each help the sperm?

A

fructose: provides energy for motility
prostaglandins: altering cervical mucosa to be more receptive to sperm and causes reverse peristalsis in the uterus

70
Q

what do the seminal vesicles join to form the ejaculatory duct? where does this duct travel through?

A

vas deferens; travels through prostate

71
Q

what % of the ejaculate comes from the seminal vesicles?

A

70%

72
Q

what four things are in semen?

A

fructose, prostaglandins, sperm, alkaline fluid

73
Q

what can bulbourethral glands hold? what does this account for?

A

sperm; accounts for occasional pregnancy when not using a condom/contraceptive

74
Q

what do the bulbourethral glands do?

A

add fluid to the urethra pre-ejaculation

75
Q

what ANS innervation does the penis have for an erection?

A

parasympathetic: release of nitric oxide

76
Q

what is emission?

A

contraction of the vas deferens and ampulla with the release of sperm into the internal urethra

77
Q

what ANS innervation is ejaculation?

A

sympathetic

78
Q

what is detumescence? what ANS innervation does it have?

A

penile relaxation and outflow of blood from corpora cavernosa; sympathetic

79
Q

when penile arteries are dilated, veins will be _____________

A

constricted

Pathophys (13 decks)

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