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Pathophys > Innate & Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Innate & Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are six functions of the immune response?

A

1) . Collected & coordinated response of cells/molecules
2) distinguish self vs non self
3) . discriminate potentially harmful agents from nonharmful
4) . recall previous encounters with the same agents
5) . can productive excessive response (allergies/autoimmune disease)

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2
Q

What are the players of the innate immunity?

A 
Barriers: skin/mucous membranes
Cells: neutrophils/macrophages (for phagocytosis)
NK cells
Plasma proteins
Complement proteins
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3
Q

What are the players of the adaptive immunity?

A

Cells:
- B cells: turn into plasma cell and then they make antibodies
-T cells: helper/cytotoxic
MHCs

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4
Q

What are the two types of immunity and describe them?

A

Innate (natural): physical, chemical, molecular, and cellular defenses that are in place before infection & function immediately as effective barrier to microbes

Adaptive (specific or required): second major immune defense; responds less rapidly; used focused recognition of each specific type of antigen followed by days of amplified/effective response; need two things (an antigen and response from innate immunity)

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5
Q

What are the phagocytic cells of the immune system? Explain their role

A

Monocytes/macrophages
-first line of defense for innate immunity; function as antigen presenting cells for adaptive immunity

Granulocytes- Neutrophils specifically (eosinophils/basophils present)
-Neutrophils: most important cell in innate immunity; uses degrading enzymes for phagocytosis

Dendritic cells: immature in the tissue & once they catch a foreign agent they be active and move to the lymph; here they act as APCs to the lymphocytes (adaptive immunity)

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6
Q

What is an APC?

A

A cell that engulfs a foreign invader, chews it up, and places part of the antigen (makes up epitope) on cell surface so that other cells know what to kill (dendritic and macrophages are examples)

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7
Q

Describe what NK cells are: what type of cell, what type of immunity, what cell types does it recognize, what happens when its active?

A
  • They are the 3rd type of lymphocyte but used for primarily innate immunity
  • Fights viruses and bacteria
  • Recognizes abnormal cells from infection & those with intracellular components (MHC) but NOT SPECIFIC antigen
  • can recognize tumor cells
  • when activated, release granules toward infected cells; granules form pores in cell membrane and cause either cell death or no response
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8
Q

Describe B lymphocyte basic function

A
  • Mediate humoral immunity
  • have tons of them, just waiting to be activated
  • differentiate into plasma cells and then produce ABs
  • Produce memory cells
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9
Q

Describe T lymphocyte basic function

A
  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Need antigen presenting cells to be activated
  • recognizes peptide fragments on MHCs on APCs
  • CD4 = helper T cells
  • CD8 cytotoxic T cell
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10
Q

What is the lymphatic system and what does it do? where does it drain into?

A
  • It is an accessory system to the vascular system
  • Removes excess fluid, proteins, and large particles from the interstitial spaces and returns them to circulation
  • It drains into the superior vena cava to the venous circulation
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11
Q

What are the two central lymphoid tissues?

A

Bone marrow & thymus

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12
Q

What are the three peripheral lymphoid tissues?

A 
Lymph nodes
spleen
Mucosa-associated lymph tissues 
-resp system: tonsils
-GI system: peyer patches, appendix
peyer patches are in wall of SI; capture and destroy bacteria
-Repro system

** if you take away, you disrupt the immune system

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13
Q

What does the bone marrow produce and what matures here?

A

It produces immature T cells and then sends them to the thymus; it also produces B cells that MATURE there (acquire immunoglobulin signaling molecules)
-Only B cells able to distinguish self from non-self can leave BM

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14
Q

What happens in the Thymus with T cells? What is special about the Thymus at birth?

A
  • The thymus is fully mature at birth; gets smaller as we age
  • immature T cells travel here from BM and matures into immunocompetent T cells under thymic hormone and cytokine influence
  • T helper and T cytotoxic cells are released 2-3 days after & sent to peripheral lymph
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15
Q

Where are lymph nodes located?

A

They are in the peripheral lymph tissue; axillae, groin, great vessels of neck, thorax, and abdomen
(can usually palpate during infection & inflammation)

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16
Q

What immune system elements are located in the lymph nodes?

A

Lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendrites = they interact with antigens and immune cells flowing through it
*they clean out antigens that are passing through so they do not go into circulation

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17
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Encapsulated lymphoid tissue attached to the lymphatic channels

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18
Q

What are the two functions of lymph nodes?

A

Remove foreign material from the lymph before it enters the blood stream & serve as centers for proliferation and response of immune cells

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19
Q

What is the function of the spleen in regards to the lymphatic system?

A

It filters antigens from the blood and important to response to systemic infection

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20
Q

What is the difference between white and red pulp in the spleen?

A

Red pulp = dead and dying RBCs are removed from circulation

White pulp = concentrated area of B & T lymphocytes with lots of macrophages and dendritic cells (APCs here)

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21
Q

What is MALT’s function and what organisms are present here?

A

MALT- mucosal associated lymph tissue

  • Immunity here helps exclude many pathogens and protects them from vulnerable internal organs
  • Immunity starts here; lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and plasma cells
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22
Q

What are cytokines and what do they do? Where can they act? What types of cells do they act on?

A

Cytokines are short acting soluble molecules that mediate cellular actions in innate and adaptive immunity
-They can act systemically or locally
They are pleiotropic (act on different cell types)

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23
Q

What are chemokines and what do they do?

A

A family of cytokines

They stimulate migration and activation of immune & inflammatory cells (communicator)

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24
Q

What are colony stimulating factors (CSF) and what do they do?

A

They are a type of cytokine
They upregulate the production of cells we need to fight infection; stimulate BM pluripotent stem cells & precursor cells of blood cells (platelets, lymphocytes, granulocytes, dendritic cells)

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25
Q

What are interleukins made by and what do they act on?

A

They are made by leukocytes and act on them

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26
Q

What do interferons interfere with?

A

Virus multiplication (treat viral infections)

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27
Q

What does IL- 1 (a & B) do?

A

wide variety; activates endothelium & lymphocytes, induces fever & acute phase response, stimulates neutrophil production

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28
Q

What does IL-2 do?

A

Growth factor for activated T cells; induces synthesis of other cytokines

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29
Q

What does IL-3 do?

A

Growth factor for hematopoietic cells

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30
Q

What does IL-4 do?

A

Promotes growth & survival of T, B, and mast cells; activates B cells and eosinophils/ induces IgE-type responses

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31
Q

What does IL-5 do?

A

Induces eosinophil growth /differentiation

induces IgA production in B cells

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32
Q

What does IL- 6 do?

A

Stimulates the liver to produce acute phase response; induces proliferation of AB producing cells

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33
Q

What does IL-7 do?

A

Stimulate pre-B cells and thymocyte development (primary function in adaptive immunity)

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34
Q

What does IL-8 do?

A

chemoattracts neutrophils and T lymphocytes (primary function in adaptive immunity)

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35
Q

What does IL-12 do?

A

Induces helper T cell 1 differentiation interferon-y synthesis; enhances NK cell cytotoxicity

36
Q

What does IL-10 do?

A

decreases inflammation by inhibiting helper t 1 cells and release of IL-12

37
Q

What does Interferon-y do?

A

activates macrophages & increases expression of MHCs

38
Q

What does Interferon (type I a and B) do?

A

exerts antiviral activity in body cells; activates NK cells

39
Q

What does tumor necrosis factor-a do?

A

induces inflammation fever and acute phase response; kills cells through apoptosis

40
Q

What do granulocyte-macrophage CSFs do?

A

promotes growth and maturation of neutrophils

41
Q

What do macrophage CSFs do?

A

promotes growth and maturation of monocytes

42
Q

What make up the innate immunity epithelial barriers?

A

Skin and mucous membranes

43
Q

What makes up the cells of Innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils 1st
Macrophages 2nd
NK cells- 3rd
Dendritic cells

44
Q

What are the three soluble mediators of innate immunity?

A

Opsonins, Cytokines, and Complement system

45
Q

What is an opsonin and what are the three important ones for innate immunity?

A

Opsonin is a soluble coating tab for microbe that acts as a glue to attach antigens/complexes to phagocytic cells for better phagocytosis
Acute phase proteins, lectins, complements

46
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

movement of a motile cell or organism,

47
Q

What cytokines are involved in innate immunity?

A

TNF alpha, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-y, IFN-alpha, IFN-b, and chemokines

48
Q

What do chemokines do in innate immunity

A

produce chemotaxis of leukocytes. stimulate acute phase proteins, inhibit viral replication

49
Q

What is the complement cascade?

A

Consists of protein group C1-C9 that function in blood inactively and are activated in sequence to induce inflammation

50
Q

What are the three phases of the complement system?

A

The initial activation phase
Early step inflammatory responses
Late step membrane attack

51
Q

What is the purpose of the initial activation phase of the complement system?

A

recognizes microbes and lead to activation of a C3 convertase enzyme (cleaves C3 and starts rxn in phase 2)

52
Q

What are the three pathways during the initial activation phase of the complement system?

A

1) . Alternative: activation by cell surface molecules, no AB (innate immunity)
2) . Classical: activation by antigen-antibody complexes (adaptive)
3) . lectin: activates classical pathway in absence of AB (innate)

53
Q

What occurs during the Early step inflammatory phase of the complement system?

A

C3a fragment stimulates inflammation (chemoattractant for neutrophils): which causes vasodilation and increase vascular permeability. C3b fragment starts stimulating Late step membrane attack phase due to cleaving C5 into a & b fragments

54
Q

What occurs during the late step membrane attack phase of the complement system?

A

C5b fragment combines with proteins C6-C9 to create a membrane attack complex which results in cell lysis
C5a fragment joins in on inflammation by stimulating neutrophil influx

55
Q

What are the two methods of pathogen recognition?

A

Pattern recognition and Toll like receptors

56
Q

What is pattern recognition in innate immunity? what are the two types?

A

Microbe patterns tend to be repeating on surface proteins
PAMPS- pathogen activated molecular patterns
PRRs- pattern recognition receptors

57
Q

What do toll like receptors do in innate immunity?

A

once microbes have breached physical barriers (skin or GI tract) they are recognized by TLC (ligand binding) which activate intracellular cascade of events which regulate production of innate immunity proteins

58
Q

What two things are needed to initiate the adaptive immunity?

A

1) . Antigen- elicits adaptive immune response; memory of the substance is developed so that a repeat exposure produces a quicker response
2) . Innate immune system rxn: APCs and complement system

59
Q

What does the adaptive immune system respond to?What are the two types of adaptive immune system?

A

Responds to microbes and non microbes (can distinguish between different ones)

1) . Humoral immunity- impacts extracellular microbes on mucosal surfaces and blood so that they don’t access body tissues; mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes
2) . Cell mediated immunity; impacts intracellular microbes (ex: viruses); mediated by T lymphocytes

60
Q

What are examples of microbes and non microbes effected in the adaptive immune response?

A

Microbial “infectious”- bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, parasites
Nonmicrobial- plant pollens, poison ivy, insect venom, transplanted organs

61
Q

What is an epitope and what type of immunity is it important in?

A

Engulfed antigen (broken down piece) paired with MHC II; important in adaptive immunity

62
Q

What is a hapten?

A

It is a small compound that has joined with a larger compound (often a protein) to function as an antigen; non microbial response (poison ivy)

63
Q

What are immunoglobulins/antibodies? What are the five types? Which one is first to appear in response to an antigen? How about second one?

A

Secreted proteins of B lymphocytes that function as antigen receptors for B cells (adaptive immunity)
IgE, IgA, IgD, IgM, IgG
IgM- first
IgG- second

64
Q

What is IgM structure, properties, function?

A

Pentamer
Attached to surface of B cell or secreted into blood
Prominent in primary AB response

65
Q

What is IgG structure, properties, and function?

A

Monomer
Secreted by plasma cells in the blood; able to cross placenta into fetus
Prominent in secondary response

66
Q

What is IgA structure, properties, and function?

A

Dimer
Found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk (protects against pathogens)
Prominent in secretions (sputum)

67
Q

What is IgD structure, properties, and function?

A

Monomer
Part of B cell receptor (activates basophils and mast cells)
Receptor on B lymphocytes

68
Q

What is IgE structure and function?

A

Long Fc Fragment

prominent in worm infestations and allergies

69
Q

Where do Macrophages live? What are they called in the liver? What are they called in the nervous system?

A

Cluster in connective tissue and organs
Liver= Kupffer cells
NS = microglial

70
Q

Where are dendritic cells found? What are thy called in the skin?

A

in most tissues where antigen enter the body

Langerhaans cells in skin

71
Q

Where in the body are high concentrations of lymphocytes found?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, skin and mucosal surfaces

72
Q

What initiates the adaptive immune response?

A

When antigen receptors of lymphocytes recognize antigens by unique surface receptors
T & B LCs divide and differentiate into effector & memory cells

73
Q

What cells become activated by MHC class 1? What type of antigen associates with MHC I (to form epitope)? What type of cells is this MHC found?

A

CD8 become activated with it
Viral particles associate with it
Its on all nucleated cells, even cancer cells

74
Q

What cells become activated by MHC class 2? What type of particle associates with this MHC? What types of cells is this MHC found?

A

CD4 helper T cells
Engulfed particles (epitopes) are associated with this
Found on immune, APC, macrophages, B cells

75
Q

What is the function of the CD4 helper T cell and what is it activated by? What does it do after attaching to MHC II?

A

Master regulator and activated by APCs

Releases cytokines

76
Q

What three things do the CD4 helper T cells’ cytokines stimulate?

A

1) . B cells- differentiate into plasma cells and make ABs
2) . Cytotoxic T cells- so they can bind to MHC I
3) . Helper T memory cell

77
Q

What are lymphocytes distinguished by?

A

Surface proteins and the “clusters of differentiation” on their surface

78
Q

What is the function of CD8 cells? How do they perform this function?

A

kill cells that have been damaged from within (virus)
Perform killing by perforins forming pores in cell membrane and cytotoxic granzymes entering the cell which triggers apoptosis

79
Q

What do CD4 and CD25 regulator T cells do?

A

Suppress immune response by inhibiting proliferation of other harmful lymphocytes

80
Q

When B cells mature, what do they produce?

A

Unique receptor and secreted effector antibody

81
Q

What do B cells have to produce when they see a “new “ antigen?

A

Plasma cell needs to produce new AB AND unique memory B cell

82
Q

What are B cells identified by?

A

membrane receptors

83
Q

What are the two types of responses in the humoral immune system? Describe what happens during these responses

A

primary and secondary
Primary- when antigen is first introduced to the body; latent period or lag before AB is detected in the serum (lag is antigen being processed by APC and attaching to helper T cell)
Secondary- subsequent exposures to the antigen (AB levels arise quicker )

84
Q

What antibody crosses the placenta during fetal development? What impact does this have on an HIV infected mom?

A

IgG- remains functional for first few months of baby’s life (good bc immune system is shit then); most is transferred over during last few weeks of gestation
Infant born to an HIV mom will have positive HIV ab test (although the child might not be infected with the virus)

85
Q

What significance does maternal IgA have on a newborn baby?

A

Its transferred to the baby via breast feeding

86
Q

What part of the immune system decreases in an elderly patient?

A

T cells and CD4/CD8 cells (lose efficiency)

Vaccination less successful

Pathophys (13 decks)

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