Male Genitalia

Question 1

what is the pathway of spermatogenesis?

Answer 1

• it starts in the testis–> from the testis we go to the hilum–>then into the epididymis and to the vas deferens (all bilateral)
• the paired ejaculatory ducts combine at the prostate to become a unilateral system to the urethra and penis

Question 2

the penis consists of what leading up to the glans…plus what is a unique characteristic about both?

Answer 2

• two corpus cavernosa and spongiosum

- they are both very vascular

Question 3

the two corpus cavernosa and spongiosum are supported by

Answer 3

surrounding everything is fibrous tissue

Question 4

what two anomalies lead to closure of urethral fold? Which is the most common?

Answer 4

• hypospadias and epispadias

- the most common is hypospadias

Question 5

hypospadias occur on

Answer 5

the ventral side

Question 6

epispadias occur on

Answer 6

the dorsal side and are less common

Question 7

for hypospadias which one has a 50 % prevelance, 30% and 20%

Answer 7

50% happen in the anterior or ganular subcoronal
30% happen in the middle or the distal penile, midshaft, or proximal penile
20% happen in the posterior in the penoscrotal, scrotal, perineal

Question 8

the squamous cells infected by HPV are called

Answer 8

koilocytes

Question 9

what are the characteristics of koilocytes?

Answer 9

• large irregular nuclei (raisinoid)
• binucleated
• cytoplasmic halos
• haphazard arrangement of cells

Question 10

carcinoma in situ of the penis that contain single lesions are called ____. what are their characterisitics

Answer 10

bowen disease

• it is seen in older patients presenting as single lesions
• has red, angry lesion with irregular borders and irregular coloring

Question 11

Presents as multiple darker (brownish) lesions in younger patients. Less red, smaller, and more widespread than the lesions in bowen’s disease

Answer 11

bowenoid papulosis

Question 12

presents as a single red lesion and lesions are specifically on the glans of the penis

Answer 12

erythroplasia of queyrat

Question 13

what are the three diseases for carcinoma in situ

Answer 13

• bowen disease
• bowenoid papulosis
• erythroplasia of queyrat

Question 14

in prostate cancer what cells become cancerous and invade

Answer 14

only the epithelial cells become cancerous but not the myoepithelial cells

Question 15

what are the characteristics of nodular hyperplasia or BPH

Answer 15

• symptomatic in about 50% of those with clinically detectabel enlargement
• most commonly occurs in a transitional and central zones
• if your prostate is enlarged, your urethra can be obstructed, potentially causing urine to back up and cause hydroureters or hydronephrosis

Question 16

what is the most common carcinoma in men?

Answer 16

prostate cancer

Question 17

what are the characteristics of prostate cancer?

Answer 17

• most common carcinoma in men
• second-leading cause of cancer death n men
• risk factors are age >50, race is african americans

Question 18

what is the relationship between hormone levels and prostate cancer?

Answer 18

increase in testosterone and androgens means increase in prostate cancer

Question 19

gleason grading works well because it provides

Answer 19

a primary and secondary grading

Question 20

which is the most commonly diagnosed gleason grade?

Answer 20

-Grade 3 which contains single, roundish glands

Question 21

what distinguishes grade 3 and grade 4

Answer 21

in grade 3 the individual glands are not generally fused and the nuclei are irregular, big and ugly but in grade 4 they are fused and have a swiss cheese architecture

Question 22

perineural invasion

Answer 22

is the worse prognosis of prostate cancer and it is famous for tracking along nerves

Question 23

what is cryptorchidism? what are the two types?

Answer 23

undescended testes

1. True cryptorchidism
2. Ectopic cryptorchidism

Question 24

grossly, what will you see in a patient with undescended testis

Answer 24

• the testis are much smaller

- the testis that did not descend is much less cellular and only has sertoli cells and not germ cells