Male Genitalia Flashcards
(24 cards)
what is the pathway of spermatogenesis?
- it starts in the testis–> from the testis we go to the hilum–>then into the epididymis and to the vas deferens (all bilateral)
- the paired ejaculatory ducts combine at the prostate to become a unilateral system to the urethra and penis
the penis consists of what leading up to the glans…plus what is a unique characteristic about both?
- two corpus cavernosa and spongiosum
- they are both very vascular
the two corpus cavernosa and spongiosum are supported by
surrounding everything is fibrous tissue
what two anomalies lead to closure of urethral fold? Which is the most common?
- hypospadias and epispadias
- the most common is hypospadias
hypospadias occur on
the ventral side
epispadias occur on
the dorsal side and are less common
for hypospadias which one has a 50 % prevelance, 30% and 20%
50% happen in the anterior or ganular subcoronal
30% happen in the middle or the distal penile, midshaft, or proximal penile
20% happen in the posterior in the penoscrotal, scrotal, perineal
the squamous cells infected by HPV are called
koilocytes
what are the characteristics of koilocytes?
- large irregular nuclei (raisinoid)
- binucleated
- cytoplasmic halos
- haphazard arrangement of cells
carcinoma in situ of the penis that contain single lesions are called ____. what are their characterisitics
bowen disease
- it is seen in older patients presenting as single lesions
- has red, angry lesion with irregular borders and irregular coloring
Presents as multiple darker (brownish) lesions in younger patients. Less red, smaller, and more widespread than the lesions in bowen’s disease
bowenoid papulosis
presents as a single red lesion and lesions are specifically on the glans of the penis
erythroplasia of queyrat
what are the three diseases for carcinoma in situ
- bowen disease
- bowenoid papulosis
- erythroplasia of queyrat
in prostate cancer what cells become cancerous and invade
only the epithelial cells become cancerous but not the myoepithelial cells
what are the characteristics of nodular hyperplasia or BPH
- symptomatic in about 50% of those with clinically detectabel enlargement
- most commonly occurs in a transitional and central zones
- if your prostate is enlarged, your urethra can be obstructed, potentially causing urine to back up and cause hydroureters or hydronephrosis
what is the most common carcinoma in men?
prostate cancer
what are the characteristics of prostate cancer?
- most common carcinoma in men
- second-leading cause of cancer death n men
- risk factors are age >50, race is african americans
what is the relationship between hormone levels and prostate cancer?
increase in testosterone and androgens means increase in prostate cancer
gleason grading works well because it provides
a primary and secondary grading
which is the most commonly diagnosed gleason grade?
-Grade 3 which contains single, roundish glands
what distinguishes grade 3 and grade 4
in grade 3 the individual glands are not generally fused and the nuclei are irregular, big and ugly but in grade 4 they are fused and have a swiss cheese architecture
perineural invasion
is the worse prognosis of prostate cancer and it is famous for tracking along nerves
what is cryptorchidism? what are the two types?
undescended testes
- True cryptorchidism
- Ectopic cryptorchidism
grossly, what will you see in a patient with undescended testis
- the testis are much smaller
- the testis that did not descend is much less cellular and only has sertoli cells and not germ cells
