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Genitourinary > Male Genital Tract > Flashcards

Male Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Initial imaging method of choice to evaluate the testes and scrotal contents

A

Ultrasound with doppler

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2
Q

Offers excellent spatial resolution, greater tissue contrast, and wider field of view

A

MR using surface coils

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3
Q

Imaging method of choice for the staging of testicular neoplasms and in locating undescended testes that are not found by US

A

CT

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4
Q

Provides useful information about perfusion, but with limited anatomic detail

A

Radionuclide imaging

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5
Q

High fluid content of testes are of uniform _____ signal on T2

A

High

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6
Q

Tunica albuginea forms a well-defined ____ mm thick rim that is _____ in signal on T1 and T2

A

1 mm

Low in signal

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7
Q

Testicular masses are well depicted as ____ in signal intensity than the testicular parenhcyma on T2

A

Lower

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8
Q

Epididymis is ____intense to the testes on T1 and _______ on T2

A

Isointense

Brighter

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9
Q

Scrotum is ________ in signal, reflecting the Dartos muscle

A

Intermediate

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10
Q

Appears as numerous tubular structures representing arteries and veins with MR signal determined by blood flow

A

Spermatic cord

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11
Q

Used to localize undescended testes not demonstrated by utz

A

MR and CT

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12
Q

The testis, if present, will be seen between the

A

Lower pole of the kidney and internal inguinal ring

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13
Q

Undescended testis appears as an oval soft tissue mass up to

A

4 cm in size

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14
Q

Because the undescended testis is usually atrophic, MR may show ________ signal, instead of high signal on T2

A

Low or intermediate

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15
Q

Paired penile muscle

A

Corpora cavernosa

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16
Q

Contains the penile urethra

A

Spongiosum

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17
Q

True or false: no imaging modality can reliably demonstrate the presence or absence of cancer in prostate

A

True

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18
Q

Imaging that provides best promise for staging local disease of prostate

A

MR with endorectal coils and transrectal US

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19
Q

True or false: CT is inferior to MR in staging and has no role in the detection of prostate cancer

A

True

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20
Q

Imaging that provides the best assessment of local and nodal spread

A

MR

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21
Q

True or false: the role of PET-CT in prostate cancer is limited by low metabolic activity of the tumor and high normal radionuclide activity in the bladder obscuring the prostate gland and surrounding tissues

A

True

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22
Q

3 prostatic glandular zones surrounding the urethra

A

Peripheral zone, transitional zone, central zoned

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23
Q

Contains approximately 70 % prostate tissue and is draped around the remainder of the gland like a catcher’s glove holding a baseball

A

Peripheral zone

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24
Q

Consists of two small areas of periurethral glandular tissue. Contains only 5% of prostatic tissue in the normal young man.
Site of benign prostatic hypertrophy and may enlarge greatly in older man

A

Transitional zone

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25
Q

Consists of glandular tissue at the base of prostate thru which course the ducts of vas deferens and seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory ducts

A

Central zone

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26
Q

Makes up to 25% of glandular tissue and only 10 % of cancers arises here

A

Central zone

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27
Q

Anterior portion of prostate is occupied by nonglandular tissue called

A

Anterior fibromuscular stroma

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28
Q

Portion of prostate adjacent to the base of bladder and seminal vesicles

A

Base of prostate

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29
Q

Portion of prostate that rests on the urogenital diaphragm

A

Apex of prostate

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30
Q

Prominenr prostatic veins are frequently visualized in the

A

Periprostatic tissues

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31
Q

Offers a route for the hematogeneous spread of tumor to the axial skeleton

A

Periprostatic venous connections

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32
Q

Prostate gland is uniformly ______ signal similar to skeletal muscle

A

Intermediate to low signal

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33
Q

The high signal __________ defines the margin of the prostate

A

Periprostatic fat

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34
Q

Periprostatic veins and neurovascular bundles are ______ signal

A

Low

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35
Q

Peripheral zone is ______ in signal due to higher water content and looser acinar structure

A

High

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36
Q

Central zone is _______ in signal due to more compact muscle fibers and acinar structure

A

Lower in signal

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37
Q

Central and transitional zones become _________ with age and the development of BPH

A

Heterogeneous

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38
Q

The anterior fibromuscular stroma is ______ in signal and has poorly defined margins

A

Low

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39
Q

Prostate gland is seen at the ______ of bladder, _______ to symphysis pubis

A

Base of bladder

Posterior to symphysis pubis

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40
Q

Maximal diameter of prostate

A

4cm

41
Q

Cysts and absence of seminal vesicles are associated with

A

Ipsilateral renal dysgenesis or agenesis

42
Q

Paired elongated saclike glands located in the posterior groove between bladder base and prostate

A

Seminar vesicles

43
Q

Produces 60-80% if fluids passed during ejaculation

A

Seminal vesicles

44
Q

Dilated ampulla portion of vas deferens courses just _______ to the seminal vesicles

A

Superior

45
Q

Vas deferens joins the ducts of seminal vesicles to form

A

Ejaculatory duct

46
Q

Courses thru the prostate gland to empty into urethra at level of verumontanum

A

Ejaculatory duct

47
Q

Normal seminal vesicle is ___ cm in length and ____ mm in diameter

A

3 cm in length

8 mm in diameter

48
Q

Wall of the ejaculatory duct is ____ mm thick

A

1-2 mm

49
Q

Vas deferens is _____ mm in diameter

A

3-5 mm

50
Q

CT shows the fluid containing seminal vesicles as ______ in appearance on axial imaging

A

Bow tie

51
Q

Serves as landmark for lowest extent of peritoneal cavity and for location of ureteral junctions with bladder

A

Seminal vesicles

52
Q

Imaging modalities of choice for abnormalities of penis

A

US and MR

53
Q

Indications of penile imaging

A

Trauma, priapism and tumors

54
Q

Paired corpus cavernosa and single corpus spongiosum containing the urethra are enveloped by tough fibrous covering of the

A

Tunica albuginea

55
Q

Encases the corpora and deep vessels of the penis and fuses proximally with the deep urogenital fascia

A

Buck fascia

56
Q

A loose outer ______ fascial later is continuous with Colles fascia in the perineum

A

Dartos

57
Q

Blood supply of penis

A

Internal pudendal artery

58
Q

Internal pudendal artery arises from

A

Internal iliac artery

59
Q

Supplies the corpora cavernosa

A

Cavernosal arteries

60
Q

Supplies the glans penis, distal corpus spongiosum

A

Dorsal penile arteries

61
Q

Supplies the urethra and proximal corpus spongiosum

A

Bulbar artery

62
Q

undescended testis if present, will be seen between

A

lower pole of kidney and the inguinal canal

63
Q

the undescended testis appears as an oval soft tissue mass up to what size

A

4cm

64
Q

appearance of seminomas on MRI

A

homogeneous and hypointense to normal testis on T2

65
Q

appearance of nonseminomatous germ cell neoplasms on MRI

A

heterogeneous with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage but are still primarily low signal to normal testis on T2

66
Q

most common mode of testicular ca spread

A

lymphatic spread, with a usual pattern of orderly ascending nodal involvement

67
Q

lymphatic spread of testicular ca

A

initial spread is along gonadal lymphatic vessels following the testicular veins to renal hilar nodes

68
Q

condition that causes inhomogeneous signal on both T1 and T2 indistinguishable from tumor

A

epididymitis/orchitis

69
Q

PI-RADS classification that indicates clinically significant cancer is highly unlikely

A

PI-RADS 1

70
Q

PI-RADS classification that indicates clinically signignificant cancer is unlikely

A

PI-RADS2

71
Q

PI-RADS classification that indicates clinically signignificant cancer is equivocal

A

PI-RADS 3

72
Q

PI-RADS classification that indicates clinically signignificant cancer is likely

A

PI-RADS 4

73
Q

PI-RADS classification that indicates clinically signignificant cancer is highly likely

A

PI-RADS 5

74
Q

True or false: CT has no current role in the detection of prostate cancer, as CT findings of benign and malignant disease overlap extensively

A

true

75
Q

true or false: elevated serum PS (>3 to 4 ng/ml) has low specificity for prostate cancer

A

true

76
Q

true or false: a normal PSA does not exclude the presence of prostate cancer

A

true

77
Q

third leading cause of cancer death in men

A

prostate carcinoma

78
Q

true or false: approximately one in six men will develop clinical prostate carcinoma in their lifetime

A

true

79
Q

95% of prostate cancer are what histologic type

A

adenocarcinoma

80
Q

appears as a distinct mass with homogeneous signal intensity, an appearance described as the “erased charcil sign”. water-drop or lenticular shape is typical

A

prostate cancer

81
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia begins at what age

A

near age 40 and eventually occurs in all men

82
Q

most common cysts of the prostate

A

cysts associated with BPH

83
Q

true or false: cystic appearance of prostatic carcinoma is rare but may be suspected if a cystic lesions shows rapid growth

A

true

84
Q

seminal vesicles are commonly involved by the tumors of the

A

bladder, prostate, and rectum

85
Q

cysts and absence of seminal vesicles are associated with

A

ipsilateral renal dysgenesis or agenesis

86
Q

paired elongated sac-like glands located in the posterior groove between the bladder base and prostate

A

seminal vesicles

87
Q

produces 60 to 80% of fluids passed during ejaculation

A

seminal vesicles

88
Q

normal seminal vesicles are what size

A

3 cm in length and 8 mm in diameter

89
Q

serves as a landmark for the lowest extent of the peritoneal cavity and for the location of the ureteral junctions with the bladder

A

seminal vesicles

90
Q

bilateral seminal vesicle agenesis may be seen in some patients with

A

cystic fibrosis

91
Q

hypoplasia of seminal vesicle occurs in association with

A

cryptorchidism and hypogonadism

92
Q

seminal vesicle cysts occur in patients with

A

autosomal dominant polycystic disease and in association with developmental anomalies of the genitourinary tract

93
Q

extremely rare neoplasms of the seminal vesicles

A

cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma and sarcomas

94
Q

true or false: bilateral calcification of vas deferens is very highly associated with presence of diabetes

A

true

95
Q

paired corpus cavernosa and single corpus spongiosum containing the urethra are enveloped by the tough fibrous covering of

A

tunica albuginea

96
Q

painful penile induration, focal or generalized priapism is most often caused by

A

Peyronie disease

97
Q

connective tissue disorder which produces plaques in the tunica albuginea resulting iin penile curvature and deformity

A

Peyronie disease

98
Q

most common histolgic type of penile cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma

Genitourinary (5 decks)

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