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Male Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Initial imaging method of choice to evaluate the testes and scrotal contents

A

Ultrasound with doppler

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2
Q

Offers excellent spatial resolution, greater tissue contrast, and wider field of view

A

MR using surface coils

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3
Q

Imaging method of choice for the staging of testicular neoplasms and in locating undescended testes that are not found by US

A

CT

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4
Q

Provides useful information about perfusion, but with limited anatomic detail

A

Radionuclide imaging

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5
Q

High fluid content of testes are of uniform _____ signal on T2

A

High

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6
Q

Tunica albuginea forms a well-defined ____ mm thick rim that is _____ in signal on T1 and T2

A

1 mm

Low in signal

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7
Q

Testicular masses are well depicted as ____ in signal intensity than the testicular parenhcyma on T2

A

Lower

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8
Q

Epididymis is ____intense to the testes on T1 and _______ on T2

A

Isointense

Brighter

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9
Q

Scrotum is ________ in signal, reflecting the Dartos muscle

A

Intermediate

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10
Q

Appears as numerous tubular structures representing arteries and veins with MR signal determined by blood flow

A

Spermatic cord

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11
Q

Used to localize undescended testes not demonstrated by utz

A

MR and CT

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12
Q

The testis, if present, will be seen between the

A

Lower pole of the kidney and internal inguinal ring

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13
Q

Undescended testis appears as an oval soft tissue mass up to

A

4 cm in size

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14
Q

Because the undescended testis is usually atrophic, MR may show ________ signal, instead of high signal on T2

A

Low or intermediate

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15
Q

Paired penile muscle

A

Corpora cavernosa

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16
Q

Contains the penile urethra

A

Spongiosum

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17
Q

True or false: no imaging modality can reliably demonstrate the presence or absence of cancer in prostate

A

True

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18
Q

Imaging that provides best promise for staging local disease of prostate

A

MR with endorectal coils and transrectal US

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19
Q

True or false: CT is inferior to MR in staging and has no role in the detection of prostate cancer

A

True

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20
Q

Imaging that provides the best assessment of local and nodal spread

A

MR

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21
Q

True or false: the role of PET-CT in prostate cancer is limited by low metabolic activity of the tumor and high normal radionuclide activity in the bladder obscuring the prostate gland and surrounding tissues

A

True

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22
Q

3 prostatic glandular zones surrounding the urethra

A

Peripheral zone, transitional zone, central zoned

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23
Q

Contains approximately 70 % prostate tissue and is draped around the remainder of the gland like a catcher’s glove holding a baseball

A

Peripheral zone

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24
Q

Consists of two small areas of periurethral glandular tissue. Contains only 5% of prostatic tissue in the normal young man.
Site of benign prostatic hypertrophy and may enlarge greatly in older man

A

Transitional zone

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25
Consists of glandular tissue at the base of prostate thru which course the ducts of vas deferens and seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory ducts
Central zone
26
Makes up to 25% of glandular tissue and only 10 % of cancers arises here
Central zone
27
Anterior portion of prostate is occupied by nonglandular tissue called
Anterior fibromuscular stroma
28
Portion of prostate adjacent to the base of bladder and seminal vesicles
Base of prostate
29
Portion of prostate that rests on the urogenital diaphragm
Apex of prostate
30
Prominenr prostatic veins are frequently visualized in the
Periprostatic tissues
31
Offers a route for the hematogeneous spread of tumor to the axial skeleton
Periprostatic venous connections
32
Prostate gland is uniformly ______ signal similar to skeletal muscle
Intermediate to low signal
33
The high signal __________ defines the margin of the prostate
Periprostatic fat
34
Periprostatic veins and neurovascular bundles are ______ signal
Low
35
Peripheral zone is ______ in signal due to higher water content and looser acinar structure
High
36
Central zone is _______ in signal due to more compact muscle fibers and acinar structure
Lower in signal
37
Central and transitional zones become _________ with age and the development of BPH
Heterogeneous
38
The anterior fibromuscular stroma is ______ in signal and has poorly defined margins
Low
39
Prostate gland is seen at the ______ of bladder, _______ to symphysis pubis
Base of bladder | Posterior to symphysis pubis
40
Maximal diameter of prostate
4cm
41
Cysts and absence of seminal vesicles are associated with
Ipsilateral renal dysgenesis or agenesis
42
Paired elongated saclike glands located in the posterior groove between bladder base and prostate
Seminar vesicles
43
Produces 60-80% if fluids passed during ejaculation
Seminal vesicles
44
Dilated ampulla portion of vas deferens courses just _______ to the seminal vesicles
Superior
45
Vas deferens joins the ducts of seminal vesicles to form
Ejaculatory duct
46
Courses thru the prostate gland to empty into urethra at level of verumontanum
Ejaculatory duct
47
Normal seminal vesicle is ___ cm in length and ____ mm in diameter
3 cm in length | 8 mm in diameter
48
Wall of the ejaculatory duct is ____ mm thick
1-2 mm
49
Vas deferens is _____ mm in diameter
3-5 mm
50
CT shows the fluid containing seminal vesicles as ______ in appearance on axial imaging
Bow tie
51
Serves as landmark for lowest extent of peritoneal cavity and for location of ureteral junctions with bladder
Seminal vesicles
52
Imaging modalities of choice for abnormalities of penis
US and MR
53
Indications of penile imaging
Trauma, priapism and tumors
54
Paired corpus cavernosa and single corpus spongiosum containing the urethra are enveloped by tough fibrous covering of the
Tunica albuginea
55
Encases the corpora and deep vessels of the penis and fuses proximally with the deep urogenital fascia
Buck fascia
56
A loose outer ______ fascial later is continuous with Colles fascia in the perineum
Dartos
57
Blood supply of penis
Internal pudendal artery
58
Internal pudendal artery arises from
Internal iliac artery
59
Supplies the corpora cavernosa
Cavernosal arteries
60
Supplies the glans penis, distal corpus spongiosum
Dorsal penile arteries
61
Supplies the urethra and proximal corpus spongiosum
Bulbar artery
62
undescended testis if present, will be seen between
lower pole of kidney and the inguinal canal
63
the undescended testis appears as an oval soft tissue mass up to what size
4cm
64
appearance of seminomas on MRI
homogeneous and hypointense to normal testis on T2
65
appearance of nonseminomatous germ cell neoplasms on MRI
heterogeneous with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage but are still primarily low signal to normal testis on T2
66
most common mode of testicular ca spread
lymphatic spread, with a usual pattern of orderly ascending nodal involvement
67
lymphatic spread of testicular ca
initial spread is along gonadal lymphatic vessels following the testicular veins to renal hilar nodes
68
condition that causes inhomogeneous signal on both T1 and T2 indistinguishable from tumor
epididymitis/orchitis
69
PI-RADS classification that indicates clinically significant cancer is highly unlikely
PI-RADS 1
70
PI-RADS classification that indicates clinically signignificant cancer is unlikely
PI-RADS2
71
PI-RADS classification that indicates clinically signignificant cancer is equivocal
PI-RADS 3
72
PI-RADS classification that indicates clinically signignificant cancer is likely
PI-RADS 4
73
PI-RADS classification that indicates clinically signignificant cancer is highly likely
PI-RADS 5
74
True or false: CT has no current role in the detection of prostate cancer, as CT findings of benign and malignant disease overlap extensively
true
75
true or false: elevated serum PS (>3 to 4 ng/ml) has low specificity for prostate cancer
true
76
true or false: a normal PSA does not exclude the presence of prostate cancer
true
77
third leading cause of cancer death in men
prostate carcinoma
78
true or false: approximately one in six men will develop clinical prostate carcinoma in their lifetime
true
79
95% of prostate cancer are what histologic type
adenocarcinoma
80
appears as a distinct mass with homogeneous signal intensity, an appearance described as the "erased charcil sign". water-drop or lenticular shape is typical
prostate cancer
81
benign prostatic hyperplasia begins at what age
near age 40 and eventually occurs in all men
82
most common cysts of the prostate
cysts associated with BPH
83
true or false: cystic appearance of prostatic carcinoma is rare but may be suspected if a cystic lesions shows rapid growth
true
84
seminal vesicles are commonly involved by the tumors of the
bladder, prostate, and rectum
85
cysts and absence of seminal vesicles are associated with
ipsilateral renal dysgenesis or agenesis
86
paired elongated sac-like glands located in the posterior groove between the bladder base and prostate
seminal vesicles
87
produces 60 to 80% of fluids passed during ejaculation
seminal vesicles
88
normal seminal vesicles are what size
3 cm in length and 8 mm in diameter
89
serves as a landmark for the lowest extent of the peritoneal cavity and for the location of the ureteral junctions with the bladder
seminal vesicles
90
bilateral seminal vesicle agenesis may be seen in some patients with
cystic fibrosis
91
hypoplasia of seminal vesicle occurs in association with
cryptorchidism and hypogonadism
92
seminal vesicle cysts occur in patients with
autosomal dominant polycystic disease and in association with developmental anomalies of the genitourinary tract
93
extremely rare neoplasms of the seminal vesicles
cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma and sarcomas
94
true or false: bilateral calcification of vas deferens is very highly associated with presence of diabetes
true
95
paired corpus cavernosa and single corpus spongiosum containing the urethra are enveloped by the tough fibrous covering of
tunica albuginea
96
painful penile induration, focal or generalized priapism is most often caused by
Peyronie disease
97
connective tissue disorder which produces plaques in the tunica albuginea resulting iin penile curvature and deformity
Peyronie disease
98
most common histolgic type of penile cancer
squamous cell carcinoma

Genitourinary (5 decks)

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