Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Genitourinary > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

Associated with uterine anomalies in females and ipsilateral seminal vesicle cysts in males, the adrenal gland may appear enlarged

A

renal agenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

most common renal fusion anomaly

A

horseshoe kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In horseshoe kidney, renal pelvises are malrotated directed more ____ and the lower pole calyces directed ___

A

pelvises- more anteriorly

lower pole calyces- medially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fused kidney is low in position in the abdomen because

A

normal ascent is prevented by renal tissue encountering the IMA in midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Complications of horseshoe kidney

A

increased susceptibility to trauma, urinary stasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

two kidneys are fused on one side of the abdomen

A

Crossed-fused renal ectopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in crossed-fused renal ectopia, ureters insert in normal or ectopic location to the bladder?

A

normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

accounts for 85% of all renal neoplasm, most common in men, presents at age 50-70 years

A

renal cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

most common type of RCC comprising of 80%

A

conventional clear cell adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what type of RCC has the best prognosis

A

chromophobe tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Size of RCC that can be treated with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy or percutaneous radiofrequency ablation

A

<3cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

important radiologic findings in RCC include

A

extension beyond Gerota capsule, tumor invasion of renal vein and IVC and distant metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

RCC tumor evaluation and staging method of choice is

A

MDCT plain and with contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pattern of enhancement in clear cell carcinoma RCC

A

avid heterogeneous tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Enhancement pattern of papillary and chromophore tumor RCC

A

lesser degree and a more peripheral pattern of enhancement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Highly predictive of RCC tumor spread in perirenal fat

A

soft tissue nodules, not stranding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cystic and multilocular cystic forms of RCC are Bosniak __ and ___, characterised by nodular thickening of the wall and septa that entrance with contrast

A

Bosniak III and IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Clear cell carcinoma enhances

A

avidly and is hypervascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Uncommon benign mesenchymal tumor composed of varying amounts of fat, smooth muscle and abnormal blood vessels lacking elastic tissue

A

Angiomyolipoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Angiomyolipomas are mostly solitary or multiple and unilateral or bilateral discovered mostly in middle-aged women

A

solitary and unilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

angiomyolipomas in pattens with tuberous sclerosis are commonly

A

multicentric and bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

AML’s are prone to haemorrhage which may be massive, due to

A

abnormal thin-walled vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Rare well-encapsulated, benign tumor composed of eosinophilic cells

A

oncocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

large oncocytomas demonstrate _____ scar that is suggestive of the diagnosis

A

stellate central scar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
True or false: oncocytomas are not reliably distinguished from RCC by all imaging methods and must be surgically removed to confirm the diagnosis
True
26
True or false: Kidney is commonly involved by direct invasion from retroperitoneal lymphoma or by metastatic lymphoma
True
27
common primary tutors that metastasise to the kidneys
lung, breast, colon and melanoma
28
most common renal mass
simple renal cyst
29
3 types of cysts in Bosniak II
A- cyst with delicate thin septations with no more than 1-2 mm thick B- Cysts with delicate thin calcification in the wall or septum C- High density cysts that are hyperdense on CT because of high concentration of protein or blood breakdown products and <3cm
30
Bosniak type that are very likely benign but require additional follow-up imaging to confirm benignancy. These lesions may have many thin septa or minimal smooth thickening of walls or septa but without measurable contrast enhancement
Bosniak IIF
31
Cysts with thick or nodular calcification in wall or septa but without measurable contrast enhancement, high-density cysts <3cm.
Bosniak IIF
32
Recommended imaging follow-up for IIF lesions
3,6 and 12 months
33
indeterminate cysts that may be benign or malignant, most are treated surgically, with thick irregular calcification, irregular margins, thick or enhancing septa, areas of modularity, thick walls and multilocular mass
Bosniak III
34
Bosniak category which include multilocular cystic nephrons, multilocular clear cell RCC and complex benign hemorrhagic or chronically infected cysts
Bosniak III
35
Malignant necrotic cystic neoplasms that arise in the wall of a cyst. Include irregular solid nodules, irregular thick shaggy walls and nodular septations, with enhancement of solid components
Bosniak IV
36
Most common appearance of renal abscess
focal renal mass with a thick wall
37
also called adult cystic nephroma or mixed epithelial and stromal tumor (MEST), it is an uncommon benign neoplasm consisting of a cluster of noncommunicating cysts of varying size separated by connective tissue septations of varying thickness
Multilocular cystic nephroma
38
ADPKD usually manifests clinically early or later in life?
later in life
39
renal cystic disease that is associated with intracranial aneurysms, seen in 20% of patients
ADPKD
40
Multiple simple cysts can be differentiated with adult polycystic disease by
simple cysts usually are older, fewer cyst, no renal failure, no family history, cysts are not found in other organs
41
rare inherited multi system disease associated with development of multiple renal cysts, multiple and bilateral RCC, adrenal pheochromocytoma, pancreatic cysts (serous cyst adenomas) and pancreatic adenocarcinomas
Von-Hippel- Lindau disease
42
neurocutaneous syndrome that combines multiple simple renal cysts and multiple AML (55-75%).
Tuberous sclerosis
43
Associated with cutaneous, retinal and cerebral hamartomas
tuberous sclerosis
44
term applied to the development of multiple cysts in the native kidneys of patients on long-term hemodialysis. affected kidneys are usually small, reflecting chronic renal disease. cysts are predominantly cortical and rarely exceed 2 cm in size
acquired uremic cystic kidney disease
45
ARPKD usually presents at what age
neonate
46
type of renal cystic disease that is usually bilateral, relatively symmetrical, with marked enlargement of kidneys and occasionally the liver. affected patients have a combination of cystic renal disease and hepatic fibrosis
ARPKD
47
primary defect in seen in ARPKD is
fusiform dilatation and lengthening of the collecting tubules
48
Hepatic defects in ARPKD include
excessive number of dilated, irregular bile ducts associated with fibrosis of portal tracts
49
Refers to dysplastic dilation of the collecting tubules in papilla, dilatation is cylindrical or saccular in configuration, that may cause urinary stasis, resulting to stone formation and infection
Medullary sponge kidney
50
true or false:medullary sponge kidney is usually asymptomatic with no genetic predisposition and no risk of renal failure
true
51
Medullary sponge kidney are usually unilateral/ bilateral and symmetrical/asymmetrical
bilateral and symmetrical
52
Basic defect is progressive tubular atrophy with glomerular sclerosis and medullary cyst formation, presents with renal failure, anemia and salt wasting
Uremic medullary cystic disease
53
appears as a mass of noncommunicating cysts of varying size, with time the kidney progressively atrophies, so in the adult a nubbin of tissue, which is often calcified, is all that remains. ureter is usually atretic
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
54
75% of renal AVM and AV fistulas are acquired or congenital?
acquired
55
congenital AVM are classified into two:
cirsoid- supplied by multiple arteries | cavernous- supplied by one artery
56
result of ascending urinary tract infection caused by gram-negative organisms
acute pyelonephritis
57
usual pathologic agent of acute pyelonephritis
E.coli
58
what modality is more sensitive in than US in demonstrating subtle changes in renal parenchyma associated with uncomplicated pyelonephritis
CT
59
"striated nephrogram" can be seen with
acute pyelonephritis
60
complications of acute pyelonephritis include
infrarenal or perirenal abscess
61
form of acute pyelonephritis with gas in the renal parenchyma
emphysematous pyelonephritis
62
refers to infection with gas confined to the renal collecting system, sparing the parenchyma; less aggressive and morbidity is not as high
emphysematous pyelitis
63
refers to chronic interstitial nephritis caused by infection
chronic pyelonephritis and reflux neprhopathy
64
In children, what is the most common cause of chronic pyelonephritis
vesicoureteral reflux
65
infrarenal reflux is usually most prominent at what part of kidney
upper pole
66
chronic pyelonephritis in adults is usually associated with
calculi and chronic obstruction
67
hallmark of chronic pyelonephritis
focal cortical scar that overlies a blunted calyx
68
Rare chronic destructive granulomatous process that may diffusely involve an obstructed kidney or present as a focal renal mass. an obstructing stone, often a stag horn calculus is usually present
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
69
common etiologic agents of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas, klebsiella and E.coli
70
renal tuberculosis can happen following pulmonary TB after how many years
10-15 years
71
most frequent site of extrapulmonary TB
urinary tract
72
in patients with renal TB, usual presentation is
asymptomatic hematuria or sterile pyuria
73
hallmarks of renal TB are
papillary necrosis, parenchymal destruction, cavity formation leading to uneven caliectasis, fibrosis and scarring of the collecting system and renal parenhcyma, parenhcymal masses owing to granuloma formation, strictures of the collecting system and ureters and widely variant patterns of calcification
74
appearance of end-stage nonfunctional TB kidneys
hydronephrotic sacs or appear as atrophic and calcified masses in renal bed
75
called a putty kidney reflecting the physical texture of caseous necrosis mixed with calcification
end-stage renal TB
76
sonographic signs of renal parenchymal disease include
diffuse increase in renal parenchymal echogenicity often associated with loss of corticomedullary differentiation
77
mottled striated nephrogram are usually seen in
HIV nephropathy
78
causes of medullary nephrocalcinosis
hyperparathyroidism, medullary sponge kidney, renal tubular acidosis (distal form), milk-alkali syndrome, hypervitaminosis D, hypercalcemic/hypercalcoiuric states
79
primary cause of renal failure in HIV infected patients
HIV nephropathy
80
what HIV related disease can cause renal enlargement associated with irregular cortical low attenuation areas on CT
Kaposi sarcoma
81
anti-retroviral drug that can cause development of unusual calculi that cause obstruction, hydronephrosis and nape
indinavir
82
broad term that refers to pathologic deposition of calcium in renal parenchyma
nephrocalcinosis
83
nephrocalcinosis is usually unilateral or bilateral?
bilateral
84
what is more common between cortical and medullary nephrocalcinosis?
medullary nephrocalcinosis

Genitourinary (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions