Male/ Female reproductive Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
what is GnRH
A
gonadotropin releasing hormone
2
Q
what stimulates GnRH
A
hypothalamus
3
Q
what does GnRH stimulate
A
pituitary
4
Q
what stimulates FSH and LH
A
pituitary
5
Q
what is the progression to stimulate LH and FSH
A
Hypothalamus -> GnRH -> pituitary -> LH/FSH -> end organs (gonads)
6
Q
what are the 2 gonadotropins
A
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
7
Q
what type of hormones are FSH and LH
A
polypeptide hormones
8
Q
what are the male target organs
A
testes
9
Q
what hormones do the testes produce
A
testosterone (TST)
DHEA (primary male sex hormones, androgens, bind to androgen receptors
10
Q
what does DHEA bind to
A
androgen receptors
11
Q
what are the female target organs
A
ovary
12
Q
what hormones do the ovaries produce
A
- estrogen
2. progesterone
13
Q
what are the types of estrogen
A
- estradiol (E2) (typical)
2. estriol (E3) (pregnancy)
14
Q
what is the primary female sex hormone
A
estrogen
15
Q
what are the hormones of the placenta
A
- human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
- progesterone
- estriol (E3)
16
Q
what does HCG do
A
similar to LH
stimulates corpus luteum to continue production of progesterone until placenta is capable of producing progesterone
17
Q
what produces HCG
A
placenta
18
Q
what does progesterone do
A
maintain endometrium
causes lining to thicken as well as shed
19
Q
what is estriol (E3)
A
estrogen of pregnancy
20
Q
what type of hormones are testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
A
steroid hormone
21
Q
what are steroid hormones derived from
A
cholesterol
22
Q
what are the similarities of testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
A
all derived from cholesterol
all have same 17 carbon backbone (difference is how many extra carbons)
23
Q
where do the protein hormones come from
A
pituitary
24
Q
where do the steroid hormones come from
A
gonads
25
what is the exocrine function of male reproductive system
produce sperm
26
what is the endocrine function of the male reproductive system
secrete testosterone (TST)
27
what are the exocrine/endocrine functions dependent/regulated by
interdependent on each other.
| regulated by pituitary LH/FSH
28
what do the testes do
produce androgens and sperm
29
what do the leydig cells do
produce TST
30
where are leydig cells located
interstitial cells
31
what do Sertoli cells do
produce Sperm (s)
32
where are Sertoli cells located (s)
Seminiferous tubules (s)
33
what are the steps in hormone regulation of testosterone
LH-> leydig cells -> TST -> spermatocytes
34
what are the steps of hormone regulation of sperm
FSH -> sertoli cells -> spermatozoa
35
in men LH controls what
testosterone
36
in men FSH controls
sperm
37
what does lack of LH stimulation lead to in men
testicular atrophy
38
what does excess FSh lead to in men
azoospermia (lack of sperm) = infertility
39
which control mechanism is used at the cellular level to transfer information
cell membrane receptors
40
what are the affects of testosterone in utero on males
1. placental HCG stimulates leydig cells to secrete TST
| 2. TST causes males genitalia/ testes to develop
41
what are the affects of testosterone in utero on female
normal amounts = none. No TST produced. female genitalia/ ovary develop
42
what are the affects of excess TST inter on female babies
develop male genitalia or ambiguous genitalia
43
what are the affects of testosterone on males
spermatogenesis after puberty
| maturation of secondary sexual characteristics
44
what are secondary sexual characteristics in males
```
hair growth pattern
deepened voice
thicker skin
increased muscle development
libido
bone growth/density
increase BMR
increase RBC mass
possible male pattern baldness
```
45
affects of testosterone on females
Virilization
1. ambiguous genitalia (if simulated in utero
2. hirsutism (facial hair growth, male pattern)
3. acne
4. baldness
5. amenorrhea
46
when is testosterone secreted
episodically throughout day.
circadian pattern
peak 7am
low 8pm
47
does testosterone decline with age
not like females
| can decline 1% per year after 40
48
what is hypogonadism in male
decreased androgens (TST)
49
what is the result of hypogonadism in men
infertility and diminished libido
pre-puberty: sexual infantilism
post puberty: impotence, loss of secondary sexual characteristics
50
what is primary hypogonadism in men and what can cause it
```
lower levels of testosterone
causes:
1. developmental abnormalities (congenital errors, chromosomal errors act klinefelters)
2. enzyme defects
3. testicular loss or damage
4. mumps -> orchitis -> sterility
5. trauma
6. castration (surgical or accidental)
7. chronic alcohol abuse
```
51
what is secondary hypogonadism in men and what can cause it
```
pituitary dysfunction
hypothalamus dysfunction (tertiary, rare)
```
52
what is hypergonadism in males
| and what are symptoms
increased androgens (TST)
pre-puberty: precocious puberty
post- puberty: not significant
53
what are primary and secondary causes of hypergonadism in men
```
testicular hyperfunction (primary)
pituitary hyperfunction (secondary)
```
54
exocrine function of female reproductive system
produce ovum (egg)
55
endocrine function of female reproductive system
secrete estrogen and progesterone
56
what does a primary follicle produce
estrogen until mid cycle
57
what happens at mid cycle
oocyte is released from follicle and taken up by fallopian tube
58
what is corpus luteum
degenerating “primary” follicle
59
what does corpus lute produce
progesterone
60
what is the sequential development of the follicle
1. multiple follicles are stimulated by FSH to mature and produce estradiol
2. positive feedback results in rising plasma, E2, FSH, LH levels
3. only one will fully develop and mature. rest regress
4. at mid cycle plasma E2 and LH levels are high
5. mature follicle ruptures and expels an oocyte
6. remnant of the mature follicle form a corpus luteum
7. corpus leuteum produce E2 and progesterone
8. progesterone is needed to maintain the uterine lining in case of fertilization
9. if fertilization does not occur corpus leuteum will regress and stop production
61
what results in rising plasma, ER, FSH, LH levels
positive feedback
62
when are E2 and LH levels high
mid cycle
63
when is progesterone needed
to maintain the uterine lining in case of fertilization
64
what happens if fertilization does not occur
corpus lute will regress and stop production of progesterone and E2
lack of progesterone causes sloughing of the uterine lining
65
what are factors affecting hormone release
1. age: puberty
2. sex: positive stimulus for GnRH release
3. emotions (depression = decreased libido)
4. disease: decreased GnRH
5. Stress: decreased GnRH
6. pregnancy
66
what are the essential hormones
1. GnRH
2. LH and FSH
3. testosterone and DHEA
4. estrogen and progesterone
5. HCG
6. prolactin
67
where is GnRH made
hypothalamus
68
where is LH and FSH made
anterior pituitary, tropic
69
where is testosterone and DHEA made
testes
70
where is E2 and progesterone made
ovary
71
where is E3 made
placenta during pregnancy
72
where is HCG made
placenta
73
where is prolactin made
anterior pituitary
74
how is negative feedback involved in female hormone regulation
pituitary responsive to low estrogen levels and imitates LH/FSH release to begin menses
75
steps in female hormone regulation
1. low progesterone and E2 levels cause hypothalamus to release GnRH
2. GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH
3. FSH (+LH) stimulate dominant follicle to mature and produce E2
4. positive feedback potentiates E2 production
5. E2 then stimulates proliferation of the uterine lining (E2 is needed to get cells to proliferate and hypertrophy)
6. mid cycle plasma LH levels reach their highest and peak (LH surge)
7. Lh surge causes ovulation (mature follicle rupture)
8. egg is expelled
9. mature follicle remnant degenerates into a corpus luteum
10. corpus luteum produces E2 and progesterone which is needed for endometrial growth
11. estrogen causes cells in uterine wall to proliferate
12. progesterone needed to keep cells there (needed to maintain thickened wall)
13. if egg is not fertilized the corpus luteum degenerates fully and stops producing E2 and progesterone
14. lack of progesterone cause sloughing of uterine lining
15. low E2 stimulates GnRH release from hypothalamus
16. cycle repeats
76
In response to low progesterone and E2 what happens
hypothalamus releases GnRH which stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH
77
what type of feedback potentiates E2 production
positive feedback
78
what does E2 stimulate
proliferation of the uterine lining
79
what is E2 needed for
get cells to proliferate and hypertrophy
80
when is plasma LH levels the highest
mid cycle
81
what is LH surge
when plasma LH levels peak
82
what does a LH surge cause
ovulation: mature follicle ruptures and egg is expelled
83
what happens when ovulation occurs
mature follicle ruptures
84
what happens when mature follicle ruptures
egg is expelled
85
what does mature follicle remnant turn into
degenerates into corpus luteum
86
what does corpus luteum do
produce E2 and progesterone needed for endometrial growth
87
what does estrogen cause
cells in uterine wall to proliferate
88
when would progesterone levels stay elevated
if pregnant
89
what happens if not pregnant
progesterone levels drop -> lining shed
90
what happens to corpus luteum if egg is not fertilized
degenerates fully and stops producing E2 and progesterone
91
how often does LH and progesterone peak
once each
92
when does LH peak
at ovulation
93
when does progesterone peak
post ovulation
94
what is measured to determine if ovulation occurred
progesterone
95
what is monitored to determine ovulation
LH
96
what is monitored to see if fertilization has occurred
HCG
97
what is monitored to see that implantation took
progesterone
98
what is HCG
hormone secreted by placenta if oocyte was fertilized.
acts like LH
stimulates corpus luteum to continue production of progesterone
99
when is HCG detected and when does it peak
first detected: 8-11 days post conception
| peak: first trimester
100
what are the pregnancy hormones
HCG
| placental production of progesterone and estrogen (E3)
101
how many oocytes does a woman start with
400,000
102
what’s menopause
no more eggs
| ovaries stop maturing eggs and produce less estrogen and progesterone
103
what are physical effects of menopause
```
hot flash
fatigue
shortness of breath
irritability
anxiety
depression
osteoporosis
decreased libido
increased risk coronary artery disease
```
104
what are the effects of estrogen (estradiol) on women
development and maintenance of female sexual organs
stimulates menarche and oocyte maturation
develops female secondary sexual characteristics
105
what are female secondary sexual characteristics
```
breast development
hair growth pattern
female fat distribution pattern
smooth skin
stops linear growth
widens pelvic structure
increase risk of venous clot formation
```
106
what are effects of excess estrogen in men
gynecomastia (benign breast enlargement)
suppression of FSH/LH -> decreased TST
increased risk of venous clot formation
can cause decreased linear growth if occurs during puberty
107
what are the effects of progesterone on women
1. regulation of normal menstrual cycle
2. prepress breast for lactation
3. raises body temp a few hours post ovulation
4. levels are increased post ovulation
108
what is hypogonadism in female
decreased production of female hormones (E2/ progesterone)
109
what are symptoms of hypogonadism in females
pre puberty: failure to progress through puberty or primary amenorrhea
post puberty: secondary amenorrhea
110
primary causes of female hypogonadism
1. menopause (normal)
2. turners syndrome
3. developmental and or functional abnormalities
4. incomplete or no development of gonads
5. oophoritis (inflammation of ovary due to infection or autoimmune)
6. Iatrogenic (surgery, radiation, chemo)
7. congenital enzyme deficinecy
111
what is oophoritis
inflammation of ovary due to infection or autoimmune disorder
112
what are secondary causes of female hypogonadism
1. pituitary disorders
2. Sheehans syndrome (postpartum hemorrhage resulting in panhypopituitarism)
3. severe illness
4. stress
5. emotional strain
6. malnutrition/ undernutrition
7. anorexia / bulimia
113
what are tertiary causes of female hypogonadism
hypothalamic disorder
114
what is sheehan syndrome
postpartum hemorrhage resulting in panhypopituitarism
115
results of hypergonadism in females
pre puberty: precocious puberty
post puberty: irregular menses
post menopausal: uterine bleeding
