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Hormone homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

what is endocrinology

A

study of intracellular and extracellular communication by the hormones of the endocrine system

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2
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

highly orchestrated system involving CNS and peripheral components

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3
Q

what is maintenance of cellular homeostasis

A

regulation of metabolism
regulation of growth and development
regulation of reproduction

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4
Q

what are hormones

A

main messengers in the endocrine system

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5
Q

where do hormones interact with target organs

A

by specific receptor
on cell surface
or
intracellular

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6
Q

types of hormones

A
  1. endocrine
  2. exocrine
  3. juxtacrine
  4. neurocrine
  5. paracrine
  6. autocrine
  7. neuroendocrine
  8. neurotransmitters
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7
Q

what is an endocrine hormone

A

secreted directly into the blood

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8
Q

what is an exocrine hormone

A

secrete their products through ducts opening onto an epithelium

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9
Q

what is juxtacrine hormone

A

target and effector in direct contact

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10
Q

what is a neurocrine hormone

A

influence on or by the nerves

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11
Q

what is a paracrine hormone

A

target and effector are near each other

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12
Q

what is an autocrine hormone

A

target cell is the effector cell

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13
Q

what is a neuroendocrine hormone

A

involving both nervous stimulation and endocrine secretion

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14
Q

what are the regulatory functions of hormones

A
  1. electrolyte and water balance

2. storage and metabolism of nutrients

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15
Q

which hormones regulate electrolyte and water balance

A
  1. aldosterone

2. vasopressin

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16
Q

what are the morphogenic functions of hormones

A
  1. synthesis of cellular components
  2. growth and development
  3. sexual maturation and reproduction
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17
Q

which hormones are involved in synthesis of cellular components

A
  1. thyroid hormone
  2. catecholamines
  3. steroid hormones
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18
Q

which hormones are involved in growth and development

A
  1. GH (growth hormone)
  2. thyroid hormones
  3. steroid hormones
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19
Q

which hormones are involved in sexual maturation and reproduction

A
  1. gonadotropins (LH and FSH)
  2. estrogen
  3. testosterone
  4. HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
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20
Q

what are the major endocrine glands

A 
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid 
pancrease
ovary/teste
kidney
adrenal gland
parathyroid gland
pineal gland
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21
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

brain region where the activity of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine glands is integrated with input from other brain centers

coordination of endocrine and CNS responses.
linked via pituitary gland

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22
Q

what links the endocrine and CNS responses

A

pituitary gland

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23
Q

what coordinates the endocrine and CNS responses

A

hypothalamus

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24
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus

A
  1. produce ADH and oxytocin
  2. control of neuroendocrine function
  3. control of the autonomic nervous system
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25
what does the neuroendocrine system control
release of inhibiting hormones | release of releasing hormone
26
what does the autonomic nervous system control
involuntary body functions 1. body heat 2. caloric balance 3. water balance 4. smooth muscle 5. gland function 6. heart function 7. sex drive
27
what hormones does the hypothalamus control
1. thyrotropin releasing hormone 2. gonadotropin releasing hormone 3. growth hormone releasing hormone 4. corticotropin releasing hormone 5. somatostatin 6. dopamine 7. vasopressin (ADH; anti-diuretic hormone) 8. oxytocin
28
most notable place hypothalamus acts on
pituitary
29
what acts on the pituitary from the hypothalamus
releasing hormones/factors | inhibiting hormones/factors
30
what does releasing hormone/factor and inhibiting hormone/factors cause from the pituitary
cause anterior pituitary gland to release tropic or stimulatory hormones
31
what are tropic hormones
aka: stimulating hormones, tropic hormones, trophic hormones. specific to particular target organ/cell all released from anterior pituitary all end in -tropin
32
what does gonadotropin do
stimulate the gonads (testes/ ovary)
33
what does thyrotropin do and what is another name for it
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates thyroid
34
what is ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone. stimulates the adrenal gland
35
what are the receptors for tropic hormones
1. membrane bound receptor | 2. cytoplasmic receptor
36
what do membrane bound receptors do
located on cellular membranes | interact with protein type hormones
37
what do cytoplasmic receptors do
located in cytoplasm of cell | interact with steroid type hormones
38
hypothalamus is connected to
1. posterior pituitary: neural system (neurohypophysis | 2. anterior pituitary: portal veins (adenophpopysis)
39
what forms the adenophypophysis
anterior lobe: pars tuberalis pars disalis pars intermedia
40
what forms neurohypophysis
posterior lobe: infundibulum pars nervosa
41
what hormones does the anterior pituitary release
1. TSH 2. ACTH 3. FSH/LH 4. GH 5. MSH 6. prolactin
42
what is the action/site of action of TSH
site: thyroid gland response: form T3/T4
43
what is the action/site of action of ACTH
site: adrenal cortex response: form steroid
44
what is the action/site of action of FSH/LH
site: ovary/ testis response: sexual maturation
45
what is the action/site of action of GH
site: whole body response: bone/muscle
46
what is the action/site of action of MSH
site: skin response: darken skin
47
what is the action/site of action of prolactin
site: mammary glands | response lactation
48
what hormones does posterior pituitary secrete
1. ADH | 2. Oxytocin
49
what is the action/site of action of ADH
site: renal tubules, arterioles response: reabsorb H20, increase BP
50
what is the action/site of action of oxytocin
site: uterus, breast tissue response: contraction, milk ejection
51
what hormones does the thyroid secrete
T3/T4 | calcitonin
52
what is the action/site of action of T3/T4
site: all body tissue response: increase O2 consumption, increase BMR
53
what is the action/site of action of Calcitonin
site: bone response: inhibit calcium reabsorption (keeps calcium in bone)
54
what hormones do the adrenal cortex secrete
Steroid hormones 1. cortisol 2. aldosterone
55
what is the action/site of action of cortisol
site: general body tissue response: carbohydrate, protein, fat metabolism
56
what is the action/site of action of aldosterone
site: kidney tubules (DCT, collecting) response: salt and water balance
57
what hormones does adrenal medulla secrete
1. norepinephrine/ epinephrine | 2. epinephrine
58
what is the action/site of action of norepinephrine and epinephrine
site: sympathetic receptors response: stimulate sympathetic nervous system
59
what is the action/site of action of epinephrine
fight or flight hormone site: liver, muscle, fat response: glycogenolysis, lipolysis
60
what is the HPA axis
hypothalamic pituitary-thyroid axis. | controls stress response
61
how does HPA axis work
1. hypothalamus secretes CRH 2. CRH stimulates anterior pituitary gland 3. anterior pituitary secretes ACTH 4. ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex 5. adrenal cortex secretes cortisol
62
what can cortisol do in the HPA axis and where
negative feedback | at the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary
63
what is the HPG axis
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
64
how does the HPG work
1. hypothalamus releases GnRH 2. GnRH stimulates pituitary 3. pituitary secretes LH/FSH 4. LH/FSH act on gonads
65
what are the two types of hormone transport
1. water soluble (free hormone) | 2. water insoluble
66
what is water soluble hormone transport
does not require carrier protein to be transported through plasma biologically active protein hormones
67
what is water insoluble hormone transport
requires carrier protein to be transported through plasma biologically inactive steroid hormone
68
what are protein type hormones
1. made up of amino acid chains/peptides 2. water soluble (free hormone) 3. short half life 4. polar molecules 5. includes all of the anterior pituitary hormones 6. can not diffuse freely across phospholipid bilayer 7. use membrane bound receptors
69
which hormones are protein type
``` GH ACTH prolactin FSH/LH TSH ```
70
what are steroid hormones
1. derived from cholesterol 2. common basic ring structure 3. not water soluble 4. bound to carrier protein during plasma transport 5. use intracellular receptors
71
what are the sites of steroid hormone synthesis
1. adrenal cortex (cortisol) 2. testes (testosterone) 3. ovary (estradiol) 4. placenta (estriol)
72
what are aromatic amine hormones
derived from amino acid tyrosine | phenylalanine -> tyrosine
73
important aromatic amine hormones
1. T3/T4 | 2. adrenal medulla hormones (catecholamines) (epi, NE, DA)
74
what are catecholamines
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
75
where is epi produced
adrenal medulla
76
does epi require transport protein
no. water soluble
77
is epi action immediate
yes. via adrenergic receptor on target tissue
78
where are T3/T4 produced
thyroid gland
79
is T3/T4 water soluble
no. requires transport protein
80
is T3/T4 action immediate
yes. quick action upon release in target tissue
81
what is TBG
major plasma transport protein for T3/T4
82
what is hormone cell interactions/ how does it work
information transmitted by the hormone to the target cell. specific transcription factors are activated/ suppressed. results in specific biologic function
83
types of receptors in hormone cell interactions
1. membrane bound receptor | 2. intracellular receptor
84
what does a membrane bound receptor do
intracellular signaling cascades. | signals to the nucleus of the cell to up/down regulate transcription factors
85
what does intracellular receptor do
bind response elements resulting in transcriptional regulation
86
what are the main regulators of the entire endocrine system
1. hypothalamus | 2. pituitary gland
87
how does the endocrine system use positive feedback
glucose and insulin. as glucose increases in the plasma, the pancreases produces and secretes insulin LH/FSH and E2 in ovary not used as often. difficult to regulate
88
what is the primary hormone control mechanism of the endocrine system
negative feedback
89
what are the 3 endocrine organs involved in negative feedback
1. hypothalamus 2. pituitary 3. endocrine organ/target cell
90
where are hormones metabolized
liver, kidney
91
where are hormones excreted
urine, feces
92
what are hormones regulated by
1. feedback mechanism 2. biorhythms 3. overall health 4. genes 5. age 6. gender 7. environment 8. drugs 9. stress
93
abnormalities of hormone secretion classified in what ways
1. degree of hormone secretion (hyper/hypo) | 2. where disorder originates (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)
94
where is the primary abnormalities located
endocrine gland
95
where is secondary abnormalities located
anterior pituitary gland
96
where are tertiary abnormalities located
hypothalamus
97
where are quaternary abnormalities located
target tissue

Med Phys (3 decks)

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