Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

05 Endo > Male Endo > Flashcards

Male Endo Flashcards

1
Q

__ acts on ___ to produce testosterone

A

LH on leydig cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

___ acts on ___ to regulate spermatogenesis

A

fsh on sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when is high cholesterol levels allowed?

A

puberty, adults dont need that much testosterone and it poses health risks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

highest levels of testosterone at ___

A

early morning hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

testosterone is bound to

A

sex hormone binding globulin and albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

proportions of circulating testosterone

A

2% free form
30% bound to shbg
68% weakly bound to albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

testosterone is acted on by ___ to produce DHT

A

5a-reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

testosterone is acted on by ___ to produce estradiol

A

aromatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

effects of dht

A 
external genitalia growth
prostate growth
acne
facial/body hair growth
scalp hair loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

effects of estradiol

A 
hypothalamic/pituitary feedback
bone resorption
epiphyseal closure
vascular and behavioral effects
gynecomastia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

conditions associated with decreased shbg concentration

A

moderate obesity, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, use of glucocorticoids/ progestins/ androgens, acromegaly, t2dm, familial shbg deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

conditions associated with increased shbg concentration

A

aging, hepatic cirrhosis and hepatitis, hyperthyroid, use of anticonvulsants or estrogens, hiv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is oligozoospermia

A

low sperm count <15 m sperm/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is astenozoospermia

A

reduced motility

<32% motile spermatozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is terazoospermia

A

abnormal morphology that affects fertility

<4% normal forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

who reference values for sperm parameters

A 
sperm volume >1.5 ml
total sperm number >/= 39 million/ejaculate or >/= 15 million/ml
total motility >/= 40% of total sperm
normal morphology >/= 4.0%
vitality 58% alive
progressive motility 32%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is male hypogonadism

A

a clinical syndrome that results from the failure of the testes to produce adequate amounts of testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

pathogenesis of fertility problems

A

testosterone production stops at an early age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

effects of early testosterone loss

A

muscle, height, or osteoporosis problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is primary hypogonadism

A

disorder of the testis - low testosterone

body tries to compensate and produce more gnrh, lh, and fsh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is secondary hypogonadism

A

secondary to disorder of pituitary or hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

common cause of congenital primary hypogonadism (androgen deficiency and impairment of sperm production)

A

klinefelter’s syndrome (xxy) and variants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

causes of acquired primary hypogonadism (androgen deficiency and impairment of sperm production)

A

common: bilateral castration/trauma, drugs, ionizing radiation
uncommon: orchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

causes of primary hypogonadism from systemic disorders (androgen deficiency and impairment of sperm production)

A

common: ckd, cld, aging
uncommon: malignancy (lymphoma, testicular ca), sickle cell disease, spinal cord injury, vasculitis, infiltrative disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

causes of congenital primary hypogonadism (isolated)

A

cryptorchidism, varicocele, y chromosome microdeletions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

causes of acquired primary hypogonadism (isolated)

A

orchitis, ionizing radiation, chemo, thermal trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

causes of primary hypogonadism from systemic disorders (isolated)

A

spinal cord injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

most common sex chromosome abnormality and most common cauase of primary hypogonadism causing androgen deficiency

A

klinefelter’s syndrome (xxy)

29
Q

clinical features of klinefelter’s syndrome

A

very small testes (4 ml), infertile, azoospermia, gynecomastia

30
Q

pathogenesis of hypogonadism from mumps

A

causes permanent seminiferous tubule damage (fibrosis), impaired spermatogenesis, leydig cell failure and androgen deficiency

31
Q

hypergonadotropic hypogonadism

A

primary hypogonadism

32
Q

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

A

secondary hypogonadism

33
Q

pathophysiology of secondary hypogonadism

A

caused by disorder of the pituitary or hypothalamus, usually due to genetic disorders (or head trauma, tumors, radiation, or infection)

34
Q

labs for secondary hypogonadism

A

low testosterone with low gonadotropin (lh and fsh)

35
Q

congenital disorders associated with gonadotropin deficiency

A

kalimann syndrome (+ anosmia), prader-willi syndrome, lawrence-moon syndrome (leptin mutation)

36
Q

acquired disorders associated with gonadotropin deficiency

A

severe illness, stress, malnutrition, and exercise; hemochromatosis, sellar mass lesions, hyperprolactinemia

37
Q

common associated symptoms with male hypogonadism

A

decreased libido, reduced frequency of sex, erectyle dysfunction, reduced beard growth, loss of muscle mass, decreased testicular size, gynecomastia

38
Q

focus on pe for male hypogonad

A

secondary sexual characteristics: hair growth and pattern, gynecomastia, testicular volume, prostate, body proportions

39
Q

testicular volume is best assessed by ___

A

prader orchidometer

normal: 3.5-5.5 cm in length = 12-25 ml
congenital: very small testis

40
Q

testicular length and volume for prepuberty

A

3-4 ml

<2 cm long

41
Q

testicular length and volume for peripubertal

A

4-15 ml

<2 cm long

42
Q

testicular length and volume for adults

A

20-30 ml

4.5-6.5 cm by 2.8-3.3 cm

43
Q

common presentation of klinefelter syndrome

A

small, firm testes <4 ml, hypergonadotropic male

44
Q

common presentation for congenital hypogonatropism

A

small, firm testes <4 ml, hypo/normogonad male

45
Q

common presentation for successful medical treatment of infertility

A

infertile men with testes < 15 cc

46
Q

definition of eunuchoid proportions

A

arm span >2 cm greater than height

suggest that androgen deficiency occurred before epiphyseal fusion

47
Q

if thyroid disease is cause of infertility ___ is often present

A

goiter

48
Q

examination that shows pigmentation changes that suggest hemochromatosis or cushing syndrome

A

skin exam

49
Q

testicular examination (CLICK)

A

hypospadia, fibrosis, and varicocoele ideally measured with prader orchidometry

50
Q

t/f if there is low testosterone check lh and fsh

A

true

51
Q

if lh and fsh are low do ___

A

mri

52
Q

what to test when there is low t, low or normal lh and fsh

A

secondary hypogonadism

prolactin, iron, other pituitary hormones, mri

53
Q

what to test when low t, high lh and fsh

A

primary hypogonadism

karyotype

54
Q

types of testosterone therapies

A

oral testosterone undecanoate 40-80 mg po with meals bid to tid
parenteral testosterone undecanoate
testosterone adhesive matrix patch

55
Q

t/f short acting preparations of testosterone are preferred than long acting

A

true, so that adverse events are observed and discontinue early

(enanthate and cypionate)

56
Q

t/f excessive testosterone can produce cancer

A

false

57
Q

treatment for secondary hypogonadism

A

give gnrh or beta hcg

58
Q

golden period to give gnrh before testis will fibrose

A

6 months

59
Q

treatment for patient with brain trauma resulting in low lh and fsh but normal sperm and testosterone

A

beta hcg, fsh, gnrh

60
Q

t/f you give pituitary hormones at age 70

A

false, use testosterone

61
Q

primary problems: ___

secondary problems: ___

A

primary: testosterone
secondary: beta-hcg, fsh, gnrh

62
Q

conditions where testosterone administration has very high risk of serious averse outcomes

A

metastatic prostate cancer, breast cancer

63
Q

evaluate patients every ___

A

3-6 months testosterone level

aim for mid to normal range only

64
Q

when to check for drug effects

A

enanthate and cypionate: midway through treatment to adjust

undecanoate: prior to next dose

65
Q

check hematocrit every ___

A

3-6 mos, discontinue if >54%

66
Q

measure mineral bone density when ___

A

1-2 years after initiation

67
Q

indications for urologic consult

A

increase in psa >1.4 ng/ml within 12 months
psa velocity of more than 0.4 ng/ml/year after 6 mos
abnormality in digital rectal exam
prostate symptoms of more then 19

68
Q

when to look at the peak for testosterone

A

6th week

69
Q

t/f testosterone increases the incidence, but not the severity of prostate ca

A

false, it increases severity but not incidence

05 Endo (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions