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Reproduction Year 3 > Male Clinical Disease of Repro Tract > Flashcards

Male Clinical Disease of Repro Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cryptorchidism? How common is it?

A

A “missing testicle”. More common congenital defect in dogs than cats. It is also more common in pedigree dogs.

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2
Q

What causes cryptorchidism? Why is it a problem?

A

It is thought to be a sex linked autosomal recessive trait, but no one completely sure. Retained testicles are MORE SUCCEPTIBLE to torsion and neoplasia.

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3
Q

What is the usual treatment for cryptorchidism?

A

Usually castration.

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4
Q

What are some potential differentials for testicles of different sizes?

A

Neoplasia
Orchitis/epididymitis
Torsion
Cysts

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5
Q

What are the three locations that an undescended testicle may be located?

A

Abdominal
Inguinal
Prescrotal

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6
Q

What are the three most common testicular tumors?

A

Seminoma
Interstitial cell tumor
Sertoli cell tumor

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7
Q

Which is more likely to have a malignant neoplasia? Scrotal testicles or cryptorchid testicles?

A

Cryptorchid testicles.

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8
Q

Which tumors can be functional and produce hormones? What can they produce?

A

Interstitial (leydig) tumors: may produce testosterone

Sertoli cell tumors: may produce estrogen, which can lead to feminization.

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9
Q

What are some clinical signs of orchitis/epididymitis?

A

Epididymal enlargement, Testicular pain,Tenseness and scrotal edema, May abcessate via scrotum, Animal may be systemically ill

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10
Q

If orchitis/epididymitis is chronic, what changes might occur in the testicles?

A

Small but firm testicle with epididymal enlargements

Adhesions between tunics and scrotum may reduce testicular mobility

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11
Q

Is testicular torsion common? When is it more common?

A

It’s unusual, but more common in retained testicles.

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12
Q

Why is castration generally required in the case of testicular torsion?

A

Because by the time the diagnosis is reached, the testicular is necrotic and unable to be salvaged.

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13
Q

What are some diagnoses for a protruding penis?

A

Paraphimosis
Priapism
Trauma

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14
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Non-erect penis protruding from prepuce and is unable to be retracted or retained in it’s normal position.

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15
Q

What are some causes of paraphimosis?

A

Narrowed preputial orifice
Penile enlargement preventing retraction
Failure of penis to stay in prepuce (abnormally short prepuce, weak preputial muscles, weak retractor penis muscle, etc)

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16
Q

What are some treatment options for paraphimosis?

A
  • *Treatment dependent on severity and cause
  • Symptomatic treatment
  • Surgical enlargement of preputial opening
  • Phallopexy
  • Preputial lengthening/reconstructive procedures
  • Partial penile amputation
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17
Q

What is priapism? How common is it?

A

Persistent erection of over 4 hours not associated with sexual excitement. It is uncommon in cats and dogs.

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18
Q

What are some potential causes of priapism?

A

Trauma in both species, Perineal abscess, Neurological disease

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19
Q

What is the difference between a non-ischaemic and an ischaemic priapism?

A

Non-ischamic: entire penis is partially rigid and not painful, therefore not an emergency
Ischaemic: painful rigid penis shaft with a soft glans, which IS an emergency

20
Q

What are some diagnoses for penile masses? How is diagnosis of a penile mass usually confirmed?

A

Inflammatory disease, Neoplasia, Urethral prolapse

Usually confirmed on clinical appearance (may use biopsy)

21
Q

How common are penile tumours? Are dogs or cats more likely to develop penile tumors?

A

Uncommon in both, but dog more likely.

22
Q

What are the different types of soft tissue penile tumors that have been reported?

A

TVT, SCC, Papilloma, Lymphoma, Adenocarcinoma, MCT

23
Q

What are the different types of tumors that can affect the os penis?

A

Osteosarcoma
Ossifying fibroma
Chondrosarcoma

24
Q

What are the usual presenting signs of penile injury?

A

Hemorrhage
+/- dysuria
+/- extravasation of urine

25
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

It is a developmental abnormality of the male external genitalia where the urogenital folds fail to fuse and there is incomplete formation of the penile urethra. Defect can occur anywhere along the ventral aspect of penis

26
Q

What is a persistent frenulum? In what age dogs is it more common?

A

When the penis and prepuce are still connected, usually occurs in immature dogs.

27
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Inability to protrude the penis beyond the preputial orifice, can be congenital or acquired.

28
Q

What is the treatment of phimosis?

A

Surgical enlargement

Treatment of underlying conditions (stricture from chronic inflammation, for example)

29
Q

Is preputial discharge normal?

A

Yes, if it is a slight creamy discharge in the adult dog.

30
Q

What are important causes of prostatic disease in the dog? (4)

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
Prostatitis / abscessation
Prostatic cysts
Neoplasia

31
Q

What is the most common prostatic disorder in entire male dogs?

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

32
Q

What is BPH?

A

It is a normal aging change that may be associated with clinical disease; it results in uniform prostatic enlargement, which may lead to dyschezia and occasionally dysuria. May also be associated with hematuria and urethral bleeding.

33
Q

Why is BPH only seen in entire male dogs?

A

It is testosterone dependent.

34
Q

What is the surgical treatment of BPH?

A

Castration - causes permanent involution in 3-12 weeks,.

35
Q

What are some medical treatments for BPH?

A

Anti-androgens such as ostaterone acetate
Synthetic progestagen (Delmadonine acetate)
GnRH analogue (Deslorelin, not licensed to treat BPH)
Oestrogens - not recommended
Fecal softeners

36
Q

Why are oestrogens not recommended as treatment for BPH?

A

May get squamous metaplasia and other serious side effects when used.

37
Q

How common is prostatitis in the dog and cat, entire or neutered? How do they occur?

A

Common in the dog, but very rare in cats. More common in entire, as prostate is secretory. Mostly commonly associated with UTI, but not always.

38
Q

What clinical signs can prostatitis/prostatic abscessation be associated with?

A

Purulent urethral discharge, Systemically ill, Dysuria,, Painful, Vomiting/diarrhea, PU/PD
Occasionally can present with collapse and septic shock

39
Q

What is the most useful diagnostic imaging tool to diagnose prostatic abscessation/prostatitis?

A

Ultrasound

40
Q

What are the two types of cysts associated with the prostate? Where are they?

A

Prostatic/parenchymal cysts - within the prostate.

Paraprostatic/periprostatic cysts - come from but not actually in the prostate.

41
Q

What is the treatment for prostatic/paraprostatic cysts?

A

Rarely medical, usually surgical:

  • Castration
  • omentalisation/other drainage procedure
  • BIOPSY CYST WALL
42
Q

What is the most common prostatic disease in castrated animals? How common is it?

A

Prostatic neoplasia. Rare in both dogs and cats.

43
Q

What are the most common tumor types in the prostate?

A

Adenocarcinoma

Transitional cell carcinoma

44
Q

What are some clinical signs of prostatic neoplasia?

A

Weight loss, Pain, HL lameness, Dyschezia/dysuria, Can develop HL edema

45
Q

In prostatic neoplasia, what can the prostate feel like on palpation?

A

Not always enlarged, but may be irregular in contour and firm on palpation

46
Q

How is a diagnosis of prostatic neoplasia reached?

A

Biopsy, either tru cut under US guidance or incisional biopsy

47
Q

What is the prognosis of prostate neoplasia?

A

Hopeless (grave)

Reproduction Year 3 (5 decks)

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