Male Anatomy + Phys - Whitler lect. 1

Question 1

Why is it significant that the mediastinum testes can be easily evaluated via ultrasound?

Answer 1

it is fairly pathognomonic for the testis therefore it allows us to differentiate it from a LN

Question 2

What is the mediastinum testis?

Answer 2

it is the connective tissue in the center of the testis
(on US it is a echogenic band running across the testis on a sagittal US scan)

Question 3

What is the role of Sertoli Cells?

Answer 3

control spermatozoa development
(they are considered a part of the testicular parenchyma)

Question 4

What acts on sertoli cells to maintain spermatogenesis?

Answer 4

FSH

Question 5

What do Sertoli cells secrete?

Answer 5

Inhibin: which is involved in (-) feedback of FSH secretion

Question 6

What cells produce testosterone?

Answer 6

leydig cells

Question 7

What cells are considered. part of the testicular parenchyma?

Answer 7

sertoli cells
leydig cells
germ cells

Question 8

Where is the only sperm capable of fertilization located?

Answer 8

in the epididymis

Question 9

What is an anatomical remnant that is useful for finding a retained testicle?

Answer 9

Gubernaculum testis

Question 10

What is responsible for testicular descent?

Answer 10

gubernaculum testes

Question 11

The gubernaculum testis eventually degenerates and turns into what?

Answer 11

-the proper ligament of the testis
-the ligament of the tail of the epididymis
-the scrotal ligament

Question 12

What ligament connects the tail of the epididymis to the testicle?

Answer 12

The proper ligament of the testicle

Question 13

What structures does the scrotal ligament attach?

Answer 13

the parietal tunic to the scrotum

Question 14

What does the Ligament of the tail of epididymis connect?

Answer 14

the tail of the epididymis to the parietal tunic

Question 15

LO: Where can you harvest semen from an animal that is recently deceased?

Answer 15

in the body (corpus) and tail (cauda) of the epididymis

Question 16

LO: What are the four accessory sex glands that can be found in domestic species?

Answer 16

ampullae
prostate
bulbourethral glands
vesicular glands

Question 17

What produces the gel component in the stallion?

Answer 17

the vesicular glands

Question 18

What produces the gel component in the boar?

Answer 18

bulbourethral gland

Question 19

What animal has the largest bulbourethral gland?

Answer 19

boar

Question 20

What species have a sigmoid flexure?

Answer 20

ruminants, boars, camelids

Question 21

What is the role of the corpus cavernosum?

Answer 21

it essentially fills with blood and is associated with an erection
it is located above the c. spongiosum

Question 22

What is the role + location of the corpus spongiosum?

Answer 22

surrounds the urethra and “buffers” the compression from the c. cavernosum so that semen can be ejaculated

Question 23

What species have a retractor penis muscle?

Answer 23

boar, ruminants and camelids and horses

Question 24

What species has a bulbus glandis?

Answer 24

dogs- they also have an Os penis

Question 25

What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?

Answer 25

it provides counter-current heat exchange it is an artery surrounded by a network of veins venous blood absorbs heat thus assisting with thermal regulation

Question 26

Where are the retractor penis muscles fused?

Answer 26

to the ventral penis just cranial to the sigmoid flexure

Question 27

What about the boar anatomical structure is different?

Answer 27

they have a spiral glans (counter clockwise) and a preputial diverticulum

Question 28

What about the buck + ram is of concern when it comes to repro anatomy?

Answer 28

their urethral process is a common place for stones to accumulate

Question 29

When is it possible to see the tip/end spiral at ejaculation in bulls?

Answer 29

when electro ejaculation is used

Question 30

What is different about the stallions repro anatomy?

Answer 30

they have a fossa glandis and 3 urethral sinuses

Question 31

Where does the organism that causes contagious equine metritis like to live?

Answer 31

in the urethral sinuses of stallions!

Question 32

In camelids, what partially contributes to the induction of ovulation?

Answer 32

the cartilaginous (hook-like) tip of the penis

Question 33

What should regress in Tom Cats after they are castrated?

Answer 33

the cornified papillae (spikes) -can be seen when you exteriorize the penis

Question 34

What is the target cell of FSH?

Answer 34

sertoli cell- maintain spermatogenesis

Question 35

What is the target cell of LH?

Answer 35

Leydig cells - to promote testosterone synthesis

Question 36

What does spermatocytogenesis consist of?

Answer 36

the divisions of myosis 1 + 2; it is the first stage of spermatogenesis so it is the conversion of spermatogonia to spermatocytes then to spermatids!

Question 37

What does spermatogenesis consist of?

Answer 37

it is the entire process so it includes: spermatocytogenesis, mitosis, meosis and spermiogenesis

Question 38

What does spermiogenesis consist of?

Answer 38

essentially it is the division of the spermatid to sperm. it includes the second stage of s[ermatogenesis, converts spermatids to spermatozoon and takes it through the four phases of maturation

Question 39

What is spermiation?

Answer 39

the release of spermatozoa

Question 40

In stallions, when should their testes be down and what size are they?

Answer 40

down by 16 months, they are LARGE

Question 41

In what species can we find alkaline phosphatase in the semen? Where does it come from?

Answer 41

dog + horse; the epididymis

Question 42

What does a high Alkaline phosphatase count over 5,000 mean?

Answer 42

that there is a substantial amount of ejaculate

Question 43

What is erection controlled by? (Think about point + shoot)

Answer 43

Controlled by parasympathetic response

Question 44

What is emission controlled by? (think about point and shoot)

Answer 44

Controlled by sympathetic stimulation

Question 45

What animals have a dramatic increase in blood pressure during an erection?

Answer 45

ruminants- fibroelastic penis

Question 46

What drugs can be helpful to use to induce ejaculation in an animal.. especially horses?

Answer 46

alpha 2 sedatives

Question 47

What is ejaculation controlled by?

Answer 47

parasympathetic, sympathetic and spinal nerves

Question 48

How long does normal spermatogenesis in most species take?

Answer 48

6-8 weeks to complete