Malawi Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 types of aid?
A
- multilateral aid
- NGO aid
- bilateral aid
- emergency aid
2
Q
What is multilateral aid?
A
- more than 1 donating party
- usually involves IGOs
- includes grants and loans
3
Q
What is bilateral aid?
A
- aid as a product of an agreement between 2 parties
- between governments through government organisations eg. USAid or DFID (Department for International Development)
4
Q
How successful is multilateral aid?
A
- some success relating to achievement of SDGs has been seen (WHO immunisation drive against polio)
- has sometimes led to countries being in debt
- implementation of SAPs may have negative affect on quality of life (eg. Pakistan)
- projects can narrow gap depending on how suitable approach is (bottom up vs top down)
5
Q
What problems are there with bilateral aid?
A
- criticised for being politically motivated (used as leverage)
- has resulted in support of corrupt regimes that are ideologically aligned with donors
- sometimes is unnecessary eg. UK to India, only used to maintain established relationships
6
Q
What is NGO aid?
A
- aid intended to address deficiencies in provision of basic needs eg. health, education, food, water supply
- done on a local scale
7
Q
How successful is NGO aid?
A
- is reliant on donations usually
- can limit projects size and timescale wise
- bottom up approach used for majority of projects, projects are cheaper and better suited to local communities
- limited scale of projects means impacts are seen after a longer period of time
- narrowing of development gap is not as evident, can make it harder to get people to donate
8
Q
What is emergency aid?
A
- short term aid in aftermath of emergency
9
Q
How successful is emergency aid?
A
- is critical to prevent loss of life and short term suffering
- is not sustainable, donors move onto next disaster
- thus is not able to help long term development goals
- can breed dependency if not done properly eg. Food donations
10
Q
How much aid has Malawi received?
A
- $407.9m WB
- $390m Global Fund
11
Q
What sort of aid did Malawi receive?
A
- multilateral aid
12
Q
Why did Malawi receive aid in the first place?
A
- was ravaged by AIDS
- 8.1% of population
- reduced life expectancy to 64 years
13
Q
What is Malawi’s economic state?
A
- very poor
- 161/189 in HDI index
14
Q
What was the aid given to Malawi meant to be used on?
A
- antiretroviral therapy for 300k people under WHO guidance
- setup costs of hospitals
- drugs sold by private companies at extremely high prices
- condoms
- door to door counselling
- HIV tests
15
Q
What is the Cashgate scandal?
A
- accounts assistant was found with $300k in boot of car outside environment ministry
- Minister for Finance shot dead outside home while investigating corruption
- German investigator investigating this was burgled
16
Q
What impact has aid had in Malawi?
A
- Cashgate scandal happened
- 17m people still in need of aid
- 71% of government development budget is from aid, signalling dependency
- country became more democratic with 2004 being first transfer of power between elected governments in Malawi’s history
17
Q
What happened in the aftermath of Cashgate?
A
- IMF delayed a $20m loan payment
- Britain and Norway froze their bilateral aid worth a combined $150m
- UK and German investigations into Malawi’s Public Financial Management programme that was supposed to prevent corruption
18
Q
What is the public perception of corruption in Malawi now?
A
- 2/3 feel it is getting worse (2022)
19
Q
What are the negatives of development aid?
A
- money can ‘leak away’ due to admin, corruption, consultant fees; does not reach people of the country
- money may return to donor countries÷
- skills and technical assistance may be more appropriate in some situations
- can be solely politically strategic and thus no plan in place as to how to use it, could result in dependence with no incentive to develop independently
20
Q
What are the positives of development aid?
A
- improves HR by supporting/focussing on minorities and marginalised groups
- helps provide basic human needs on short notice (emergency aid)
- can result in drastic improvement of healthcare and education through appropriate training and financial aid, eg. S Korea + Taiwan
21
Q
How can money return to donating countries?
A
- via salaries of highly paid NGO officials or government civil servants
22
Q
What threat does climate change pose Malawi?
A
- fewer rainy days, with more intense rainfall events
- 10* more days where temperatures exceed 30ºC
- resulting in drought and floods to be more intense
- fall in maize and rice production, livestock die out
- lakes dry up
- farmers get reduced crop yield of 10-25%
23
Q
What solutions might there be to the threats posed by climate change in Malawi?
A
- NGOs help farmers create irrigation systems to irrigate land more effectively and increase effective area of fertile land
- WhatsApp groups organised by weather chasers to warn of storms
- University of Malawi developing seeds and soil improvement programmes in addition to tree planting
24
Q
Why might solutions to the threats posed by climate change in Malawi be undermined?
A
- irrigation is failing as HEP dams are taking away water
- maize imports have been banned by government
- voters are not putting pressure on government as are unaware of climate change
- Malawians who do know about climate change are angry at donor countries who continue to pollute
