Malaria stuff Flashcards
Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by the introduction of the protozoan organisms into the blood by the bite of a ……
female anopheles mosquito
Life cycle of plasmodium
Female Anopheles mosquito bites human.
_______ injected into human when bitten
Sporozoites
Life cycle of plasmodium (malaria parasite)
Sporozoites enter parenchymal cells of liver to become ________.
(a) Development in liver: _______ cycle.
(b) Further development in the liver after RBC invasion: ______ cycle.
schizonts
(a) Pre-erythrocytic
(b) Exoerythrocytic
Life cycle of plasmodium (malaria parasite)
Inside parenchymal cells, Schizonts rupture, releasing ________, which then burst out of liver cells to invade RBCs.
(a) Merozoites develop to form immature (ring stage) ______.
(b) Become actively _____.
merozoites
(a) trophozoites
(b) amoeboid
When does this happen
Beginning of sexual reproduction - production of zygote
When the Gametocytes are ingested by mosquito
All stages of asexual cycle can be demonstrated in a ________ with the exception of ________
peripheral blood smear
P. falciparum
types of malaria found in humans
It is observed that the fever cycle corresponds to
the _______ cycle for each of the malaria species
Erythrocytic Schizogony
What type of malaria
(a) Erythrocytic cycle (Malignant Tertian): Fever every 48 hours or every 2nd day.
(b) Most Fatal: Likely to cause intravascular hemolysis (destruction of the RBCs).
1) Fever is prolonged and intensified.
Plasmodium Falciparum
What type of malaria
(a) Erythrocytic cycle (Benign Tertian): Fever every 48 hours or every 2nd day.
(b) Most common.
Plasmodium Vivax
What type of malaria
(a) Erythrocytic cycle (Benign Tertian): Fever every 48 hours or every 2nd day.
Plasmodium Ovale
What type of malaria Erythrocytic cycle (Benign Quartan): Fever every 72 hours or every 3rd day.
Plasmodium Malariae
Specimen collection and storage
Capillary Collection
With a lancet, puncture the skin and collect the blood directly into the ________ (included in the test kit).
EDTA capillary tube
Specimen collection and storage
Capillary Collection
Fill the entire capillary tube with blood and test _____
immediately
How many types of malaria is found in humans?
4
Specimen collection and storage: Venous blood
Collect blood into an _____
EDTA tube (purple top)
True/false
Specimen collection and storage: Venous blood
Test whole blood as soon as possible after collection
TRUE
Specimen collection and storage: Venous blood
The blood sample may be stored for up to _____ days at ________ if cannot be tested immediately
three
2°C to 30°C (36-86°F)
Specimen collection and storage: Venous blood
IF blood sample is refrigerated, allow blood sample to reach what temperature prior to performing test?
room
temperature (15-30°C)
Rapid Malaria test
What is Tris buffer containing detergent and sodium azide
Reagent A
Testing procedure: Priming the Sample (purple) pad
For venipuncture method: Collect ___ microliters of blood sample with a calibrated pipette and place on the sample pad.
15 microliters
Testing procedure: Priming the reagent (white) pad
Place ___ drops of Reagent A onto the reagent pad. Allow the first drop to ______ before placing the next drop.
2
absorb
Testing procedure: Priming the reagent (white) pad
If the mixture does not run through the whole test strip in a minute, then….
an additional drop of reagent a must be applied
Testing procedure: Priming the reagent (white) pad
Read test result through the viewing window at _______. Results are ______ if read after 15 minutes.
15 minutes
invalid
Result interpretation
The “C” Control line must appear in order for the test to be _____
valid
Result interpretation
T1
Positive for Plasmodium Falciparum
Result interpretation
What result will show for: Positive for Plasmodium Vivax, Malariae, or Ovale. May indicatemixed infection of the three malaria parasites.
T2
Result interpretation
What will show for Positive for Plasmodium Falciparum and other types of malaria in a mixed infection
T1 and T2
Result interpretation
Only the C line
Indicates the test is negative
The test is invalid if the _____ does not appear.
Control “C” line
TRue/FAlse
Can be used to monitor treatment progress
FALSE
CANNOT
False positives results in patients with what conditions?
(a) Rheumatoid arthritis
(b) Chronic viral infections - Hepatitis C
(c) Patient with other blood parasite – Babesia
Collect specimen immediately after onset of _____ for best results
fever spike
Send unstained smears to the _______ as soon as possible for identification and confirmation.
Navy Environmental and Preventive Medicine
Unit (NEPMU)
Smears should be done frequently but no more than ________
hourly
Samples must be obtained when patient is _____
Febrile
True/false
The test will only detect the antigens
True
Rapid Malaria kit Limitations
Must be confirmed with a thick and thin smear for confirmation, sent to
NEPMU
All stages of asexual cycle can be demonstrated in a peripheral blood smear with
the exception of
P. falciparum
