MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD (GINGO) Flashcards
three approaches to history
realist, liberal, critical views
approach to history that says it repeats itself
realist view
characterized by a belief in progress; utopian dimension; perpetual peace
liberal view
developed out of Marxism; primary driving forces in history are material or economic factors; from one mode of production to next
critical view
located between rivers Tigris and Euphrates; cradle of civilization
mesopotamia
3 major civilizations
sumerian, babylonian, assyrian
only ended with the rise of roman empire
ancient egypt
allowed for permanent settlement and the emergence of urban life
agriculture
2 features of early civilizations
agriculture, and development of writing
establishment of shang dynasty to emergence of bronze age
chinese civilization
earliest civilization in south asia; now Pakistan
Indus River valley
began with the birth of golden age of classical hindu culture; 500 BCE
ancient india
emergence of various civilizations in the area of mediterranean sea; dating from 1000 BCE
classical antiquity
growth of etruscan culture and spread of phoenician maritime trading
classical antiquity
emergence of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome
classical antiquity
foundational culture of western civilizations
ancient greece
formed colonies in asia minor and southern parts of balkans
ancient greece
ancient rome flourished once the roman monarch was thrown when?
509 BCE
created an oligarchic republic that developed into a vast empire
ancient rome
extended from the eastern Mediterranean across north africa and most of EU
ancient rome
why did the classical world descended into crisis?
it is caused by the eruption of mounted nomadic people into the great descent of ancient civilizations ushering in the dark ages
the most significant primitive nomadic people who emerged from depths of Asia to create an empire
the mongols
refers to the cultural and philosophical inheritance of europe; fashioned during cold war meant as the us dominated capitalist bloc
the west
process through which societies become developed
modernization
the economic motivation to discover the new world
desire to find a direct route to india and the far east in order to obtain spices
rise of the west in political terms
establishment of sovereign states through the peace of westphalia (1648) whch brought end to thirty years war
socioeconomic dimension of the rise of the west
breakdown of feudalism
system of agrarian-based production characterized by fixed social hierarchies
Feudalism
rise of the west in cultural terms
fostered by renaissance
cultural movement inspired by revived interest in classicla Greece and Rome
renaissance
intellectual movement that challenged traditional beliefs
enlightenment
the policy of extending the power or rule of the state beyond its
boundaries, typically through the establishment of an empire.
imperialism
traditional form of imperialism
establishment of formal political domination or colonialism
and reflects the expansion of state power through a process of conquest and settlement.
modern form of imperialism
economic domination without the establishment of
political control or what is called neo-colonialism.
a period of peace and
prosperity in Europe and was seen as a golden age.
belle epoque
why did the period of belle epoque end?
due to the outbreak of world war I
involving all aspects of society, including large-scale conscription, the gearing of the economy to military ends, and the aim of achieving unconditional
surrender through the mass destruction of enemy targets, civilian and military.
total war
fighting extended beyond Europe into the Middle East through the involvement of Turkey; recruitment of armies from across the empires of Europe and the participation of the USA.
world war
a structure of domination in which diverse cultures, ethnic groups or
nationalities are subject to a single source of authority.
empire
first modern war
world war i
why is wwi the first modern war?
witnessed the earliest use of tanks, chemical weapons (poison gas and flame-throwers) and
aircraft, including long-range strategic bombing
central powers
Germany and Austria-Hungary
triple alliance
Britain, France and Russia
victory of the allies is due to
greater success linked to their democratic systems, in mobilizing manpower and equipment, by their earlier and more effective use of mechanized warfare, and by the entry of the USA ultimately.
main causes that have been linked to outbreak of wwi
german problem, eastern problem, imperialism and nationalism
describe the german problem (one of the main causes linked to ww1)
according to realist theories, the pursuit of national interest is constrained by a balance in power but there was an imbalance in Europe caused by the emergence of a dominant power in central europe - Germany - which had encouraged Germany’s bid for power reflected in its desire for colonies and in growing strategic and military rivalry with Britain.
alternative interpretation locates the source of german expansionism in the nature of its imperial regime and ambitions of its political and military elites
describe the eastern problem
the structural instabilities of the Balkans region. These
instabilities resulted from a power vacuum which occurred through the territorial and political decline of the Ottoman Empire. the Balkans (a region consisting of a complex pattern of ethnic and religious groupings) were increasingly animated by nationalist aspirations and sparked the expansionist ambitions of two of Europe’s traditional great powers, Russia and Austria-Hungary. For this, the assassination of the Austrian archduke may have remained a localized incident. As it was, it led to war between Russia and Austria- Hungary, which turned into a continent-wide war & eventually a world war.
uncritical and unreasoned dedication to a cause of group, typically based
on a belief in its superiority
chauvinism
a war meant to end all wars
world war 1
world’s biggest military confrontation
world war 2
main factors associated with the outbreak
the ww1 peace settlements, global economic crisis, japanese expansionism in asia
compensation after a war involving financial or physical requisition of goods as punishment or reward
reparations
economic self sufficiency often associated with expansionism
and conquest to ensure the control of economic resources and reduce
economic dependency on other states.
autarky
military and political alliance of japan, germany and italy
anti comintern pact and later on the pact of steel in 1939 and tripartite pact in 1940
